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Encyclopedia Britannica



GRASSHOPPER (Fr. sauterelle, `Ital. grillo, Ger. Gras/U:114er, Heuschrecke, Swed. Grdshoppa)

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 378 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GRA-GUI
GRASSHOPPER (Fr. sauterelle, `Ital. grillo, Ger. Gras/U:114er, Heuschrecke, Swed. Grdshoppa) , names applied to orthopterous insects belonging to the families Locustidae and Acridiidae. They are especially remarkable for their saltatory
powers
 , due to the
great
  development of the hind legs, which are much longer than the others and have stout and powerful thighs, and also for their stridulation, which is not always an attribute of the male only. The distinctions between the two families may be briefly stated as follows: The Locustidae have very
long
 
thread
 -like antennae, four-jointed tarsi, a
long
  ovipositor, the auditory organs on the tibiae of the first leg and the stridulatory organ in the wings; the Acridiidae have short stout antennae, three-jointed tarsi, a short ovipositor, the auditory organs on the first abdominal segment, and the stridulatory organ between the posterior leg and the wing. The
term
  " grasshopper " is almost synonymous with LOCUST (q.v.). Under both " grasshopper " and " locust' " are included members of both families above noticed, but the
majority
  belong to the Acridiidae in both cases. In. Britain the
term
  is chiefly applicable to the large green grasshopper (Locusta or Phasgonura viridissima) common in most parts of the
south
  of England, and to smaller and much better-known species of the genera Stenobothrus, Gomphocerus and Teltix, the latter remarkable for the
great
  extension of the pronotum, which often reaches beyond the extremity of the
body
 . All are vegetable feeders, and, as in all orthopterous insects, have an incomplete metamorphosis, so that their destructive
powers
  are continuous from the moment of emergence from the egg till death. The migratory locust (Pachytylus cinerascens) may be considered only an exaggerated grasshopper, and the Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus) is still more entitled to the name. In Britain the species are not of sufficient size, nor of sufficient numerical importance, to do any great damage. The colours of many of them assimilate greatly to those of their habitats; the green of the Locusta viridissima is wonderfully similar to that of the herbage amongst which it lives, and those species that frequent more arid spots are protected in the same manner. Yet many species have brilliantly coloured under-wings (though scarcely so in English forms), and during flight are almost as conspicuous as butterflies. Those that belong to the Acridiidae mostly lay their eggs in more or less cylindrical masses, surrounded by a glutinous secretion, in the ground. Some of the Locustidae also lay their eggs in the ground, but others deposit them in fissures in trees and low plants, in which the female is aided by a long flattened ovipositor, or process at the extremity of the
abdomen
 , whereas in the Acridiidae there is only an
apparatus pf valves. The stridulation or " song " in the latter is produced by friction of the hind legs against portions of the wings or wing-covers. To a practised 'ear it is perhaps possible to distinguish the " song " of even closely allied species, and some are said to produce a sound differing by day and night.


End of Article: GRASSHOPPER (Fr. sauterelle, `Ital. grillo, Ger. Gras/U:114er, Heuschrecke, Swed. Grdshoppa)


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