GRAMONT, ANTOINE AGENOR ALFRED

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GRAMONT, ANTOINE AGENOR ALFRED , Duc DE, Duc DE GUICHE, PRINCE DE BIDACHE (1819-1880), French diplomatist and statesman, was born at Paris on the 14th of August 1819, of one of the most illustrious families of the old noblesse, a cadet branch of the viscounts of Aure, which took its name from the seigniory of

Gramont

in Navarre. His grandfather, Antoine Louis Marie, duc de

Gramont

(1755-1836), had emigrated during the Revolution, and his father, Antoine Heraclius Genevieve Agenor (1789=1855), duc de Gramont and de Guiche, fought under the British flag in the Peninsular War, became a lieutenant-general in the French army in 1823, and in 183o accompanied Charles X. to Scotland. The younger generation, however, were Bonapartist in sympathy; Gramont's

cousin

Antoine Louis Raymond, comte de Gramont (1787-1825), though also the son of an emigre, served with distinction in

Napoleon

NAPOLEON

's armies, while Antoine Agenor, duc de Gramont, owed his career to his early friendship for Louis

Napoleon

NAPOLEON

.
Educated at the Ecole Polytechnique, Gramont early gave up the army for diplomacy. It was not, however, till after the coup d'etat of the 2nd of December 1851, which made Louis Napoleon supreme in France, that he became conspicuous as a diplomat. He was successively minister plenipotentiary at Cassel and Stuttgart (1852), at Turin (1853),

ambassador

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

at, Rome (1857) and at Vienna (1861). On the 15th of May 1870 he was appointed minister of foreign affairs in the 011ivier cabinet, and was thus largely, though not entirely, responsible for the bungling of the negotiations between France and Prussia arising out of the candidature of Prince

Leopold

LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

of Hohenzollern for the throne of Spain, which led to the disastrous war of 1870-71. The exact share of Gramont in this responsibility has been the subject. of much controversy. The last word may besaid to have been uttered by M. Emile 011ivier himself in his L'Empire liberal (tome xii., 1909, passim). The famous declaration read by Gramont in the Chamber on the 6th of July, the " threat with the hand on the sword-hilt," as Bismarck called it, was the

joint

JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

work

WORK

of the whole cabinet; the

original

ORIGINAL

draft presented by Gramont was judged to be too " elliptical" in its conclusion and not sufficiently vigorous; the reference to a revival of the empire of Charles V. was suggested by 011ivier; the paragraph asserting that France would not allow a foreign power to disturb to her own detriment the actual equilibrium of Europe was inserted by the emperor. So far, then, as this declaration is concerned, it is clear that Gramont's responsiblity must be shared with his sovereign and his colleagues (011ivier op. cit. xii. 1o7; see also the two projets de declaration given on p. 570). It is clear, however that he did not share the " passion " of his colleagues for " peace with honour," clear also that he wholly misread the intentions of the European powers in the event of war. That he reckoned upon the active alliance of Austria was due, according to M. 011ivier, to the fact that for nine years he had been a persona grata in the aristocratic society of Vienna, where the necessity for revenging the humiliation of 1866 was an article of faith. This confidence made him less disposed than many of his colleagues to make the best of the renunciation of the candidature made, on behalf of his son, by the prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. It was Gramont who pointed out to the emperor, on the evening of the 12th, the dubious circumstances of the act of renunciation, and on the same night, without informing M. 011ivier, despatched to Benedetti at Ems the fatal telegram demanding the king of Prussia's guarantee that the candidature would not be revived. The supreme responsibility for this act must rest with the emperor, " who imposed it by an exercise of personal power on the only one cf his ministers who could have lent himself to such a forgetfulness of the safeguards of a parliamentary regime." As for Gramont, he had " no conception of the exigencies of this regime; he remained an

ambassador

AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

accustomed to obey the orders of his sovereign; in all good faith he had no idea that this was not correct, and that, himself a parliamentary minister, he had associated himself with an act destructive of the authority of parliament."' " On his part," adds M. 011ivier, " it was the result only of obedience, not of warlike premeditation " (op. cit. p. 262). The apology may be taken for what it is worth. To France and to the world Gramont was responsible for the policy which put his country definitely into the wrong in the eyes of Europe, and enabled Bismarck to administer to her the " slap in the face " (soufflet)as Gramont called it in the Chamberby means of the mutilated " Ems telegram," which was the immediate cause of the French declaration of war on the 15th.
After the defeat of Weissenburg (August 4) Gramont resigned office with the rest of the 011ivier ministry (August 9), and after the revolution of September he went to England, returning after the war to Paris, where he died on the 18th of January 1880. His

marriage

MARRIAGE

in 1848 with Miss Mackinnon, a Scottish lady, remained without issue. During his retirement he published various apologies for his policy in 187o, notably La France et la Prusse avant la guerre. (Paris, 1872).
Besides M. 011ivier's

work

WORK

quoted in the text, see L. Thouvenel, Le

Secret

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

de l'empereur, correspondance . . . echangee entre M. Thouvenel, le duc de Gramont, et le general comte de Flahaut 186o-1863 (2nd ed., 2 vols., 1889). A small pamphlet containing his Souvenirs 1848-1850 was published in 1901 by his brother Antoine Leon Philibert Auguste de Gramont, duc de Lesparre.

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