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Encyclopedia Britannica



GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO (1744-1809)

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 236 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GOA-GRA
GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO (1744-1809) , Portuguese poet, was a native of Oporto and the son of a Brazilian-born judge. He spent a part of his boyhood at Bahia, where his father was disembargador of the appeal court, and returning to Portugal he went to the university of Coimbra and took his law degree at the age of twenty-four. He remained on there for some years and compiled a treatise of natural law on regalist lines, dedicating it to Pombal, but the fall of the marquis led him toleave Coimbra and become a candidate for a magistracy, and in 1 782 he obtained the posts of ouvidor and provedor of the goods of deceased and absent persons at Villa Rica in the province of Minas Geraes in Brazil. In 1786 he was named disembargador of the appeal court at Bahia, and three years later, as he was about to marry a young lady of position, D. Maria de Seixas Brandao, the Marilia of his verses, he suddenly found himself arrested on the charge of being the principal author of a Republican conspiracy in Minas. Conducted to Rio, he was imprisoned in a fortress and interrogated, but constantly asserted his innocence. However, his friendship with the conspirators compromised him in the eyes of his absolutist judges, who, on the ground that he had known of the plot and not denounced it, sentenced him in April 1792 to perpetual
exile
  in Angola, with the confiscation of his property. Later, this penalty was commuted into one of ten years of
exile
  to
Mozambique
 , with a death sentence if he should return to America. After having spent three years in prison, Gonzaga sailed in May 1792 for
Mozambique
  and shortly after his arrival a violent fever almost ended his life. A wealthy Portuguese
gentleman
 , married to a lady of colour, charitably received him into his
house
 , and when the poet recovered, he married their young daughter who had nursed him through the attack. He lived in exile until his death, practising advocacy at intervals, but his last years were embittered by fits of
melancholia
 , deepening into madness, which were brought on by the remembrance of his misfortunes. His reputation as a poet rests on a little volume of bucolics entitled Marilia, which includes all his published verses and is divided into two parts, corresponding with those of his life. The first extends to his imprisonment and breathes only love and pleasure, while the main theme of the second part, written in prison, is his saudade for Marilia and past happiness. Gonzaga borrowed his forms from the best models, Anacreon and Theocritus, but the matter, except for an occasional imitation of Petrarch, the natural, elegant style and the harmonious metrification, are all his own. The booklet comprises the most celebrated collection of erotic poetry dedicated to a single person in the Portuguese tongue; indeed its popularity is so great as to exceed its intrinsic merit.
Twenty-nine editions had appeared up to 1854, but the Paris edition of 1862 in 2 vols. is in every way the best, although the authenticity of the verses in its 3rd part, which do not relate to Marilia, is doubtful. A popular edition of the first two parts was published in 1888 (Lisbon, Corazzi). A French version of Marilia by lblonglave and Chalas appeared in Paris in 1825, an Italian by Vegezzi Ruscalla at Turin in 1844, a Latin by Dr Castro Lopes at Rio in 1868, and there is a Spanish one by Vedia.
See Innocencio da Silva, Diccionario bibliographic() portuguez, vol. Vii. p. 320, also Dr T. Braga, Filinto Elysio e os Dissidentas da Arcadia (Oporto, 1901). (E. PR.)
GONZALEZ-CARVAJAL, TOMAS JOSE (1753-r834), Spanish poet and statesman, was born at Seville in 1753. He studied at the university of Seville, and took the degree of LL.D. at Madrid. He obtained an office in the
financial
  department of the government; and in 1795 was made intendant of the colonies which had just been founded in Sierra Morena and Andalusia. During 18091811 he held an intendancy in the patriot army. He became, in 1812, director of the university of San Isidro ; but having offended the government by establishing a chair of inter-national law, he was imprisoned for five years (18151820). The revolution of 1820 reinstated him, but the counter-revolution of three years later forced him into exile. After four years he was allowed to return, and he died, in 1834, a member of the supreme council of war. Gonzalez-Carvajal enjoyed European fame as author of metrical translations of the poetical books of the Bible. To fit himself for this
work
  he commenced the study of Hebrew at the age of fifty-four. He also wrote other works in verse and
prose
 , avowedly taking Luis de Leon as his model.
See biographical notice in Biblioteca de Rivadeneyra, vol. lxvii., Poetas del siglo 18.


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