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Encyclopedia Britannica



GOLD

This article appears in Volume V27, Page 604 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GOA-GRA
GOLD .
42,317,876, cleared; (1895), 54,304,703 entered, 47,263,791 cleared; (1900), 55,828,569 entered, 54,425,666 cleared; (1905), 60,066,919 entered, 58,670,971 cleared; (1909), 60,566,043 entered, 60,060,979 cleared.
The number and
gross
  tonnage of the registered sailing and steam vessels belonging to the United Kingdom were as follows at the end of each of the years named
Sailing Vessels. Steam Vessels.
Year.
Number.
Gross
  Tonnage. Number. Gross Tonnage.
1890 14,181 3,055,136 7,410 8,095,370
1895 12,617 3,040,194 8,386 9,952,211
1900 10,773 2,247,228 9,209 I 1,816.,:,24
1905 1 0,059 1,796,826 10,552 14,883,594
1909 9,392 1,407,469 11,797 16,994 732
These figures show not only that steamers have been rapidly taking the place of sailing vessels, but also that large steamers are preferred to small, their
average
  tonnage having increased from 1092 tons in 1895 to 1440 in 1909.
Railways.-The first
ordinary
  roads deserving the name of highways were made about 166o, and canal-building began in
1 Newcastle, North Shields,
South
  Shields.
z Blyth was included with North Shields till 1897. 3 Swansea included Port Talbot till 1904.
the middle of the following century; but though roads and canals aided materially in raising the commercial and industrial activity of the nation, their fostering agency was very slight compared with that of railways, of which England is the
birth
 -place. The first line of railway for regular passenger service, that from Stockton to Darling-ton, 14 M. in length, was opened on the 27th of September 1825. The first really important rail-way was the line from Manchester to Liverpool, opened on the 15th of September 1830, when William Huskisson, M.P.,
was accidentally killed. It took three years to get the bill for the London-
Birmingham
  railway, which was passed at last in the session of 1833, obtaining the royal assent on the 8th of May. The first sod of the
great
  line was cut at Chalk Farm, London, on the 1st of June 1834. Enormous engineering difficulties had to be overcome, originating not so much from the nature of the ground as from intense public prejudice against the new mode of locomotion. It took over four years to construct the railway from London to
Birmingham
 , at a cost exceeding 4,000,000. Even friends of the railway presaged that such outlay could not by any possibility be remunerative; but the contrary became evident from the moment the line was opened on the 17th of September 1838. All the
great
  railway systems of England sprang into existence within less than ten years after the opening of the London-Birmingham line. Out of this railway grew one of the largest companies, the London & North-Western; while the most extensive system as regards mileage, the Great Western, originated in a line from Paddington, London, to Bristol, for which an act of
parliament
  was obtained in 1835, and which was opened in
1841. In 1836 a bill passed the legislature erecting the " Great North of England" Railway Company, from which was developed the North-Eastern system. A few years later other acts were passed, sanctioning the"Midland Counties" and the " North Midland " lines, from which the present Midland system grew.
The total length of railways
conveying passengers in the United
Kingdom at the end of the year
1825 was 40 m., constructed at a
cost of 120,000. Five years later,
at the end of 183o, there were not
more than 95 m., built at a cost
of 840,925, but at the end of 1835
there were 293 m., costing5,648, 531.
Thus, in the first five years of rail-
way construction, from 1825 to 1830,
the mileage doubled; while in the
second five years, from 183o to
1835, it trebled. It quintupled in
the next five-yearly period, till the
end of 1840, when the total length
of miles of railway in the kingdcm
had come to be 1435, built at a
cost of {41,391,634, as represented
by the paid-up
capital
  of the
various companies. The next five years saw nearly another
doubling of length of lines, for at the end of 1845 there were
2441 M. of railway created by a paid-up
capital
  of 88,481,376.
189o. 1895. 1900. 1905. 1 909.

From British possessions 5,368,424 17,618,466 11,350,591 38,567,895 40,464,212
South
  Africa . . 1,876,677 8,353,913 378,626 21,286,374 32,912,428
India . . . . 443,079 1,929,590 3,637,978 6,850,360 2,170,957
Australia . . 1,398,627 5,324,498 6,182,718 3,440,037 2,613,002
Foreign countries 18,199,625 18,390,863 14,840,282 4,949,335 14,227,617
Total . . 23,568,049 36,009,329 26,190,873 43,517,230 54,691,829


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