GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH (18091852)

This article appears in Volume V12, Page 191 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GOA-GRA

GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH (18091852) ,. Russian novelist, was born in the province of Poltava, in South Russia, on the 31st of March 1809. Educated at the Niezhin gymnasium, he there started a manuscript periodical, " The

Star

STAR

," and wrote several pieces including a tragedy, The Brigands. Having completed his course at Niezhin, he went in 1829 to St

Petersburg

PETERSBURG

, where he tried the stage but failed. Next year he obtained a clerkship in the department of appanages, but he soon gave it up. In literature, however, he found his true vocation. In 1829 he published anonymously a poem called Italy, and, under the pseudonym of V. Alof, an idyll, Hans Kuchel Garten, which he had written while still at Niezhin. The idyll was so ridiculed by a reviewer that its author bought up all the copies he could secure, and burnt them in a room which he hired for the purpose at an inn. Gogol then fell back upon South Russian popular literature, and especially the tales of Cossackdom on which his boyish fancy had been nursed, his father having occupied the
post of " regimental secretary," one of the honorary officials in the Zaporogian Cossack forces.
In 183o he published in a periodical the first of the stories which appeared next year under the title of Evenings in a Farm near Dikanka: by Rudy Panko. This work, containing a

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of attractive pictures of that Little-Russian life which lends itself to romance more readily than does the monotony of " Great-Russian " existence, immediately obtained a great successits light and colour, its freshness and originality being hailed with enthusiasm by the principal writers of the day in Russia. Whereupon Gogol planned, not only a history of Little-Russia, but also one of the middle ages, to be completed in eight or nine volumes. This plan he did not carry out, though it led to his being appointed to a professorship in the university of St

Petersburg

PETERSBURG

, a post in which' he met with small success and which he resigned in 1835. Meanwhile he had published his Arabesques, a collection of essays and stories; his Taras Bulba, the

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

of the Cossack Tales translated into English by George Tolstoy; and a number of novelettes, which mark his transition from the romantic to the realistic school of fiction, such as the admirable sketch of the tranquil life led in a quiet country

house

by two kindly specimens of Old-world Gentlefolks, or the description of the petty miseries endured by an ill-paid clerk in a government office, the great object of whose life is to secure the " cloak " from which his story takes its name. ' To the same period belongs his celebrated comedy, the Revisor, or government inspector. His aim in writing it was to drag into light " all that was bad in Russia," and to hold it up to contempt. And he succeeded in rendering contemptible and ludicrous the official life of Russia, the corruption universally prevailing throughout the civil service, the alternate arrogance and servility of men in office. The plot of the comedy is very simple. A traveller who arrives with an empty purse at a provincial town is taken for an inspector whose arrival is awaited with fear, and he receives all the attentions and .bribes which are meant to propitiate the dreaded investigator of abuses. The play appeared on the stage in the

spring

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

of 1836, and achieved a full success, in spite of the opposition attempted by the official classes whose malpractices it exposed. The aim which Gogol had in view when writing the Revisor he afterwards fully attained in his great novel, Mertvuiya Dushi, or Dead Souls, the first part of which appeared in 1842. The hero of the story is an adventurer who goes about Russia making fictitious purchases of " dead souls," i.e. of serfs who have died since the last census, with the view of pledging his imaginary property to the government. But his adventures are merely an excuse for drawing a

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of -pictures, of an unfavourable kind, of Russian provincial life, and of introducing on the scene a number of types of Russian society. Of the force and truth with which these delineations are executed the universal consent of Russian critics in their favour may be taken as a measure. From the French version of the story a general idea of its merits may be formed, and some knowledge of its plot and its principal characters may be gathered from the English adaptation published in 1854, as an

original

ORIGINAL

work, under the title of Home Life in Russia. But no one can fully appreciate Gogol's merits as a humorist who is not intimate with the language in which he wrote as well as with the society which he depicted.
In 1836 Gogol for the first time went abroad. Subsequently he spent a considerable amount of time out of Russia, chiefly in Italy, where much of his Dead Souls was written. His residence there, especially at Rome, made a deep impression on his mind, which, during his later years, turned towards mysticism. The last works which he published, his

Confession

CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

and Correspondence with Friends, offer a painful contrast to the light,

bright

BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

, vigorous, realistic, humorous writings which had gained and have retained for him his immense popularity in his native land. Asceticism and mystical exaltation had told upon his nervous system, and its feeble condition showed itself in his literary compositions. In 1848 he made a

pilgrimage

PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

to Jerusalem, and on his return settled down at Moscow, where he died on the 3rd of March 1852.
See Materials for the Biography of Gogol (in Russian) (1897), by Shenrok; " Illness and Death of Gogol," by N. Bazhenov, Russkaya Muisl, January 19o2. (W. R. S.-R.)

End of Article: GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH (18091852)

If you wish, you can link directly to this article.

<a href="http://jcsm.org/StudyCenter/Encyclopedia/GOA_GRA/GOGOL_NIKOLAI_VASILIEVICH_1809.html">
GOGOL, NIKOLAI VASILIEVICH (18091852)
</a>

(Previous)
GOGO, or GOGRA

(Next)
GOGRA, or GHAGRA

JCSM was founded in 1997 and exists to help the community and bring people into a life-changing and productive relationship with Jesus Christ. JCSM offers over 200,000 free web pages, including its weekly inspirational emails that were sent continuously for over a decade.

Jesus Christ Saves Ministries
P.O. Box 9297
San Diego, CA 92169
1-888-887-0417 or Email