GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON, COUNT

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GNEISENAU, AUGUST WILHELM ANTON, COUNT NErTHARDT VON (17601831), Prussian field marshal, was the son of a Saxon officer named Neithardt. Born in 176o at Schildau, near Torgau, he was brought up in great poverty there, and subsequently at Wtirzburg and Erfurt. In 777 he entered Erfurt university; but two years later joined an Austrian regiment there quartered. In 1782 taking the additional name of Gneisenau from some lost estates of his family in Austria, he entered as an officer the service of the margrave of Baireuth-Anspach. With one of that prince's

mercenary

MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

regiments in English pay he saw active service and gained valuable experience in the War of American Independence, and returning in 1786, applied for Prussian service. Frederick the Great gave him a commission as first lieutenant in the infantry. Made Stabskapitdn in 1790, Gneisenau served in Poland, 17931794, and, subsequently to this, ten years of quiet garrison life in Jauer enabled him to undertake a wide range of military studies. In 1796 he married Caroline von Kottwitz. In 18o6 he was one of Hohenlohe's staff-officers, fought at Jena, and a little later commanded a provisional infantry brigade which fought under Lestocq in the Lithuanian campaign. Early in 1807 Major von Gneisenau was sent as commandant to Colberg, which, small and ill-protected as it was, succeeded in holding out until the peace of Tilsit. The commandant received the much-prized order " pour le merite," and was promoted lieutenant-colonel.
A wider sphere of work was now opened to him. As

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

of
2 There is no authority for calling the latter Via Egnatia.
H. Swinburne, Travels in the Two Sicilies (London, 179o), ii. 15, mentions the walls as being 8 yds. thick and 16 courses high.
engineers, and a member of the reorganizing committee, he new material; Frau von Beguelin, Denkwurdigkeiten (Berlin, 1892); played a great part, along with Scharnhorst, in the work of re-
constructing the Prussian army. A colonel in 1809, he soon drew upon himself, by his energy, the suspicion of the dominant French, and Stein's fall was soon followed by Gneisenau's retirement. But, after visiting Russia, Sweden and England, he returned to Berlin and resumed his place as a leader of the patriotic party. In open military work and

secret

SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

machinations his energy and patriotism were equally tested, and with the out-break of the War of Liberation, Major-General Gneisenau became Blucher's quartermaster-general. Thus began the connexion between these two soldiers which has furnished military history with its best example of the harmonious co-operation between the general and his

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

-of-staff. With Blucher, Gneisenau served to the capture of Paris; his military character was the exact complement of Blucher's, and under this happy guidance the young troops of Prussia, often defeated but never discouraged, fought their way into the heart of France. The plan of the march on Paris, which led directly to the fall of Napoleon, was specifically the work of the chief-of-staff. In reward for his distinguished service he was in 1814,- along with

York

, Kleist and Billow, made count at the same time as Blucher became prince of Wahlstatt; an

annuity

ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

was also assigned to him.
In 18r5, oncemore chief of Blucher's staff, Gneisenau played a very conspicuous part in the Waterloo campaign (q.v.). Senior generals, such as

York

and Kleist, had been set aside in order that the chief-of-staff should have the command in case of need, and when on the field of Ligny the old field marshal was disabled, Gneisenau at once assumed the control of the Prussian army. Even in the light of the evidence that many years' research has collected, the precise part taken by Gneisenau in the events which followed is much debated. It is known that Gneisenau had the deepest distrust of the British

commander

COMMANDER

, who, he considered, had left the Prussians in the lurch at Ligny, and that to the hour of victory he had grave doubts as to whether he ought not to fall back on the Rhine. Blucher, however, soon recovered from his injuries, and, with Grolmann, the quartermaster-general, he managed to convince Gneisenau. The relations of the two may be illustrated by Brigadier-General Hardinge's report. Blucher burst into Hardinge's room at Wavre, saying "Gneisenau has given way, and we are to march at once to your chief."
On the field of Waterloo, however, Gneisenau was

quick

QUICK

to realize the magnitude of the victory, and he carried out the pursuit with a relentless vigour which has few parallels in history. His reward was further promotion and the insignia of the " Black Eagle " which had been taken in Napoleon's coach. In 1816 he was appointed to command the VIIIth Prussian Corps, but soon retired from the service, both because of ill-health and for political reasons. For two years he lived in retirement on his estate, Erdmannsdorf in Silesia, but in 1818 he was made governor of Berlin in succession to Kalkreuth, and member of the Staatsralh. In 1825 he became general field marshal. In 1831 he was appointed to the command of the Army of Observation on the Polish frontier, with Clausewitz as his chief - of - staff. At Posen he was struck down by cholera and died on the 24th of August 1831, soon followed by his chief-of--staff,4who fell a victim to the same disease in November.
As a soldier, Gneisenau was the greatest Prussian general since Frederick; as a man, his noble character and virtuous life secured him the affection and reverence, not only of his superiors and subordinates in the service, but of the whole Prussian nation. A statue by Rauch was erected in Berlin in 1855, and in memory of the siege of 1807 the Colberg grenadiers received his name in 1889. One of his sons led a brigade of the VIIIth Army Corps in the war of 1870.
See G. H. Pertz, Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen Neilhardt von Gneisenau, vols. 1-3 (Berlin, 18641869) ; vols. 4 and 5,
G. Delbruck (eb. 1879, 1880), with numerous documents and letters;
H. Delbriick, Das Leben des G. F. M. Grafen von Gneisenau (2 vols., and ed., Berlin, 1894), based on Pertz's work, but containing much
Hormayr, Lebensbilder aus den Befreiungskriegen (Jena, 1841) ; Pick, Aus dem brieflichen Nachlass Gneisenaus; also the histories of the campaigns of 1807 and 1813-15.

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