GILMAN, DANIEL COIT (1831-1908) , American educationist, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on the 6th of July 1831. He graduated at Yale in 1852, studied in Berlin, was assistant librarian of Yale in 18561858 and librarian in 18581865, and was professor of physical and political geography in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University and a member of the
Gillray's caricatures are divided into two classes, the political series and the social. The political caricatures form really the best history extant of the latter part of the reign of George III. They were circulated not only over Britain but throughout Europe, and exerted a powerful influence. In this series , George III., the queen, the prince of Wales, Fox, Pitt, Burke and Napoleon are the most prominent figures. In 1788 appeared two fine caricatures by Gillray. " Blood on Thunder fording the Red Sea " represents Lord Thurlow carrying Warren Hastings through a sea of gore: Hastings looks very comfortable, and is carrying two large bags of money. " Market-Day " pictures the ministerialists of the time as horned cattle for sale. Among Gillray's best satires on the king are: " Farmer George and his Wife," two companion plates, in one of which the king is toasting muffins for breakfast, and in the other the queen is frying sprats; "The Anti-Saccharites," where the royal pair propose to dispense with sugar, to the great horror of the family; " A Connoisseur Examining a Cooper "; " Temperance enjoying a Frugal Meal "; " Royal Affability "; " A Lesson in Apple Dumplings "; and " The Pigs Possessed." Among his other political caricatures may be mentioned: " Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis," a picture in which Pitt, so often Gillray's butt, figures in a favourable light; " The Bridal Night "; " The Apotheosis of Hoche," which concentrates the excesses of the French Revolution in one view; " The Nursery with Britannia reposing in Peace "; " The First Kiss these Ten Years " (1803), another satire on the peace, which is said to have greatly amused Napoleon ; " The Handwriting upon the Wall "; " The Confederated Coalition," a fling at the coalition which superseded the Addington ministry; " Uncorking Old Sherry "; " The Plum-Pudding in Danger "; " Making Decent," i.e. " Broad-bottomites getting into the Grand Costume "; Comforts of a Bed of Roses "; " View of the Hustings in Covent Garden Phaethon Alarmed "; and " Pandora opening her Box." The miscellaneous series of caricatures, although they have scarcely the historical importance of the political series, are more readily intelligible, and are even more amusing. Among the finest are: " Shakespeare Sacrificed "; " Flemish Characters " (two plates); " Twopenny Whist "; " Oh ! that this too solid flesh would melt "; " Sandwich Carrots "; The Gout "; Comfort to the Corns "; Begone Dull Care "; The Cow-Pock," which gives humorous expression to the popular dread of vaccination;
Dilletanti Theatricals "; and " Harmony before Matrimony " and " Matrimonial Harmonics "two exceedingly good sketches in violent contrast to each other.
A selection of Gillray's works appeared in parts in 1818; but the first good edition was Thomas M'Lean's, which was published, with a key, in 183o. A somewhat bitter attack, not only on Gillray's character, but even on his genius, appeared in the Athenaeum for
Governing Board of this School in 1863-1872. From 1856 to 186o he was a member of the school board of New Haven, and from August 1865 to January 1867 secretary of the Connecticut Board of Education. In 1.872 he became president of the University of California at Berkeley. On the 3oth of December 1874 he was elected first president of Johns Hopkins University (q.v.) at Baltimore. He entered upon his duties on the 1st of May 1875, and was formally inaugurated on the 22nd of February 1876. This post he filled until 19or. From 1901 to 1904 he was the first president of the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C. He died at Norwich, Conn., on the 13th of October 1908. He received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard, St John's, Columbia, Yale, North Carolina, Princeton, Toronto, Wisconsin and Clark Universities, and William and Mary College. His influence upon higher education in America was great, especially at Johns Hopkins, where many wise details of ad-ministration, the plan of bringing to the university as lecturers for a part of the year scholars from other colleges, the choice of a singularly brilliant and able faculty, and the marked willingness to recognize workers in new branches of science were all largely due to him. To the organization of the Johns Hopkins hospital, of which he was made director in 18$9, he contributed greatly. He was a singularly good judge of men and an able administrator, and under him Johns Hopkins had an immense influence, especially in the promotion of original and productive research. He was always deeply interested in the researches of the professors at Johns Hopkins,. and it has been said of him that his attention as president was turned inside and not outside the university. He was instrumental in determining the policy of the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University while he was a member of its governing board; on the 28th of October 1897 he delivered at New Haven a semi-centennial discourse on the school, which appears in his University Problems. He was a prominent member of the American Archaeological Society and of the American Oriental Society; was one of the original trustees of the John F. Slater Fund (for a time he was secretary, and from 1893 until his death was president of the board); from 1891 until his death was a trustee of the Peabody Educational Fund (being the vice-president of the board); and was an original member of the General Education Board (1902) and a trustee of the Russell Sage Foundation for Social Betterment (1907). In 1896-1897 he served on the Venezuela Boundary Commission appointed by President Cleveland. In 1901 he succeeded Carl Schurz as president of the National Civil Service Reform League and served until 1907. Some of his papers and addresses are collected in a volume entitled University Problems in the United States (1888). He wrote, besides, James Monroe (1883), in the American Statesmen Series; a Life of James D. Dana, the geologist (1899); Science and Letters at Yale (1901),. and The Launching of a University (1906), an account of the early years of Johns Hopkins.
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