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GESENIIJS, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH WILHELM (17861842) , German orientalist and biblical critic, was born at Nordhausen, Hanover, on the 3rd of February 1786. In 1803 he became a student of philosophy and theology at the university of Helmstedt, where Heinrich Henke (17521809) was his most influential teacher; but the latter part of his university course was taken at Gottingen, where J.G. Eichhorn and T. C. Tychsen (17581834) were then at the height of their popularity. In 18o6, shortly after graduation, he became Repetent and Privatdozent in that university; and, as he was fond of afterwards relating, had Neander for his first pupil in Hebrew. In 1810 he became professor extraordinarius in theology, and in 1811 ordinarius, at the university of Halle , where, in spite of many offers of high preferment elsewhere, he spent the rest of his life. He taught with great regularity for upward of thirty years, the only interruptions being that of 18131814 (occasioned by the War of Liberation, during which the university was closed) and those occasioned by two prolonged literary tours, first in 1820 to Paris, London and Oxford See Also: - OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
with his colleague Johann Karl Thilo (17941853) for the examination of rare oriental manuscripts, and in 1835 to England and Holland in connexion with his Phoenician studies. He soon became the most popular teacher of Hebrew and of Old Testament introduction and exegesis in Germany; during his later years his lectures were attended by nearly five hundred students. Among his pupils the most eminent were Peter von Bohlen (17961840), A. G. Hoffmann (17691864), Hermann Hupfeld, Emil Rodiger (18011874), J. F. Tuch (18o61867), W. Vatke (18061882) and Theodor Benfey (18091881). In 1827, after declining an invitation to take Eichhorn's place at Gottingen, Gesenius was made a Consistorialrath; but, apart from the violent attacks to which he, along with his friend and colleague Julius Wegscheider, was in 183o subjected by E. W. Hengstenberg and his party in the Evangelise/se Kirchenzeitung, on account of his rationalism, his life was uneventful. He died at Halle on the 23rd of October 1842. To Gesehius belongs in a large measure the credit of having freed Semitic philology from the trammels of theological and religious prepossession, and of inaugurating the strictly scientific (and comparative) method which has since been so fruitful. As an exegete he exercised a powerful, and on the whole a beneficial, influence on theological investigation.
Of his many works, the earliest, published in 1810, entitled Versuch fiber die maltesische Sprache, was a successful refutation of the widely current opinion that the modern Maltese was of Punic origin. In thesame year appeared the first volume of the Hebrdisches u. Chaldaisches Handworterbuch, completed in 1812. Revised editions of this appear periodically in Germany, e.g. that of H.Limmern and F. Buhl (1905). The publication of a new English edition was started in 1892 under the editorship of Professors C. A. Briggs, S. R. Driver and F.. Brown. The Hebraische Grammatik, published in 1813 (27th edition by E. Kautzsch; English translation from 25th and 26th German editions by G. W. Collins and A. E. Cowley, 1898), was followed in 1815 by the Geschichte der hebraischen Sprache (now very rare), and in 1817 by the Ausfuhrliches Lehrgebaude der hebraise/ten Sprache. The first volume of his well-known commentary on Isaiah (Der Prophet Jesaja), with a translation , appeared in 1821 ; but the work was not completed until 1829. The Thesaurus philologico-criticus linguae Hebraicae et Chaldaicae V. T., begun in 1829, he did not live to complete; the latter part of the third volume is edited by E. Rodiger (1858). Other works: De Pentateuchi Samaritani origine, indole, et auctoritate (1815), supplemented in 1822 and 1824 by the treatise De Samaritanorum theologia, and by an edition of Carmina Samaritana; Palaographische Studien fiber phonizische u. punische Schrift (1835), a pioneering work which he followed up in 1837 by his collection of Phoenician monuments (Scripturae linguaeque Phoeniciae monumenta quotquot supersunt) ; an Aramaic lexicon (18341839); and a treatise on the Himyaritic language written in conjunction with E. Rodiger in 1841. Gesenius also contributed extensively to Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopadie, and enriched the German translation of J. L. Burckhardt's Travels in Syria and the Holy Land with valuable geographical notes. For many years he also edited the Halle Allgemeine Litteraturzeitung. A sketch of his life was published anonymously in 1843 (Gesenius: eine Erinnerung fur seine Freunde), and another by H. Gesenius, Wilhelm Gesenius, ein Erinnerungsblatt an den hundertjahrigen Geburtstag, in 1886. See also the article in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie.
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