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Encyclopedia Britannica



GERMAN SILVER

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 800 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GEO-GNU
GERMAN SILVER or NICKEL SILVER, an alloy of copper, nickel and zinc, prepared either by melting the copper and nickel together in a crucible, and adding piece by piece the previously, heated zinc, or by
heating
  the finely divided metals under a layer
' of charcoal. To destroy its crystalline structure and so render it fit for working, it is heated to dull redness, and then allowed to cool. German silver is harder than silver; it resembles that metal in colour, but is of a greyer tinge. Exposed to the air it tarnishes slightly yellow, and with vinegar affords a crust of
verdigris
 . At a
bright
  red heat it melts, losing its zinc by oxida-
tion unless protected from the atmosphere. At a heat above dull redness it becomes exceedingly brittle. German silver in various modifications of composition is much used in the arts.
Alloys
 , of which about 5o% is copper and the residue zinc and nickel in about equal proportions take a fine
polish
 , and are used as imitation silver for knives and forks. With a somewhat higher proportion of copper an alloy is formed suitable for
rolling
  and for wire. In Chinese
white
  silver or packfong (paktong) the amount of copper is smaller, about 40%, with about 32 % of nickel, 25 of zinc, and 2 or 3 of
iron
 . German silver for casting contains 2 or 3 % of lead, which like
iron
  increases the whiteness of the alloy. German silver, having a high specific resistance and a low temperature coefficient, has been used for
electrical
  resistance coils, and these qualities are possessed in a still greater degree in manganin, which contains
manganese
  in place of zinc, its composition being 84% of copper, 12 of
manganese
  and 4 of nickel. The addition of a trace of tungsten to German silver, as in platinoid, also largely increases the resistance.


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