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Encyclopedia Britannica



GEORGE, LAKE

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 749 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GEO-GNU
GEORGE, LAKE , a lake in the E. part of New
York
 , U.S.A., among the S.E. foothills of the Adirondack Mountains. It extends from N.N.E. to S.S.W. about 34 m., and varies in width from 2 to 4 M. It has a maximum depth of about 400 ft., and is 323 ft. above the sea and 227 ft. above Lake Champlain, into which it has an outlet to the northward through a narrow channel and over falls and rapids. The lake is fed chiefly by mountain brooks and submerged springs; its bed is for the most part covered with a clean sand; its clear water is coloured with beautiful tints of blue and green; and its surface is studded with about 220 islands and islets, all except nineteen of which belong to the state and constitute a part of its forest reserve. Near the head of the lake is Prospect Mountain, rising 1736 ft. above the sea,while several miles farther down the shores is BlackMountain, 2661 ft. in height. Lake George has become a favourite summer resort. Lake steamers ply between the
village
  of Lake George (formerly Caldwell) at the southern end of the lake and Baldwin, whence there is rail connexion with Lake Champlain steamers.
Lake George was formed during the Glacial period by glacial drift which clogged a pre-existing valley. According to Prof. J. F. Kemp the valley occupied by Lake George was a low pass before the Glacial period; a dam of glacial drift at the southern end and of lacustrine clays at the northern end formed the lake which has submerged the pass, leaving higher parts as islands. Before the advent of the white man the lake was a part of the war-path over which the Iroquois Indians frequently made their way northward to attack the Algonquins and the Hurons, and during the struggle between the English and the French for supremacy in America, waterways being still the
chief
  means of communication, it was of great strategic importance (see CHAMPLAIN, Lake). Father Isaac Jogues, Rene Goupil and Guillaume Couture seem to have been the first white men to see the lake (on the 9th of August 1642) as they were being taken by their Iroquois captors from the St Lawrence to the towns of the Mohawks, and in 1646 Father Jogues, having undertaken a half-religious, half-political mission to the Mohawks, was again at the lake, to which, in allusion to his having reached it on the eve of Corpus Christi, he gave the name Lac Saint Sacrement. This name it bore until the summer of 1755, when General William Johnson renamed it Lake George in honour of King George II.
General Johnson was at this time in command of a force of colonists and Indians sent against the French at Crown Point on Lake Champlain. The expedition, however, had proceeded no farther than to the head of Lake George when Johnson was informed that a force of French and Indians under Baron Ludwig August Dieskau was pushing on from Crown Point to Fort Lyman (later Fort Edward), 14 M. to the S. of their encampment. Accordingly, on the morning of the 8th of September a detachment of woo colonials under Colonel Ephraim Williams (1715
1755) and 200 Indians under Hendrick, a Mohawk
chief
 , was sent to-aid Fort Lyman, but when about 3 M. S. of the lake this detachment fell into an ambuscade prepared for it by Dieskau and both Williams and Hendrick were killed. The survivors were pursued to their camp, and then followed on the same day the main battle of Lake George, in which loon colonials fighting at first behind a hastily prepared barricade defeated about 1400 French and Indians. Both commanders were wounded; Dieskau was captured; the French lost about 300; and the colonials nearly the same (including those who fell earlier in the day). Johnson now built on the lake shore, near the battlefield, a fort of gravel and logs and called it Fort William Henry (the site was occupied by the Fort William Henry Hotel till it was burned in 1909). In the meantime the French entrenched them-selves at Ticonderoga at the foot of the lake. In March 1757 Fort William Henry successfully withstood an attack of 160
men sent out by the marquis de Vaudreuil,
governor
  of Canada, but on the 9th of August of the same year its garrison, after being reduced to desperate straits, surrendered to the marquis de Montcalm. By the terms of surrender the garrison was to be allowed to march out with the honours of war and was to be escorted to Fort Edward, but the guard provided by Montcalm was inadequate to protect them from his Indian allies and on the day following the surrender many were massacred or taken prisoners. The fort was razed to the ground. In 1758 General James Abercrombie proceeded by way of Lake George against Fort Ticonderoga, and in 1759 Baron Jeffrey Amherst, while on his way to co-operate with General James Wolfe against Quebec, built near the site of Fort William Henry one bastion of a fort since known as Fort George, the ruins of which still remain.
A monument commemorative of the battle of Lake George was unveiled on the 8th of September 1903, on the site of the battle, and within the state reservation of 35 acres known as Fort George Battle Park. Horicon is a name that was given to the lake by James Fenimore Cooper. The Indian name of the lake was Andia-ta-roc-te.
See Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (Boston, 1884) ; and E. E. Seelye, Lake George in History (Lake George, 1897). GEORGE JUNIOR REPUBLIC, an American industrial institution, situated near the small
village
  of Freeville, in Tompkins county, New
York
 , U.S.A., 9 in. E.N.E. of Ithaca, at the junction of the Sayre-Auburn and the Elmira-Cortland branches of the Lehigh Valley railway. The George Junior Republic forms a miniature state whose economic, civic and social conditions, as nearly as possible, reproduce those of the United States, and whose citizenship is vested in young people, especially those who are neglected or wayward, who are thus taught self-reliance, self-control and morality. The founder, William Reuben George (b. 1866), was a native of West Dryden, a village near Freeville, who as a business man in New York City became interested in the Fresh Air Fund charity supervised by the New York Tribune, took charge of summer outings for city children (189o-1894), and, becoming convinced that such charities tended to promote pauperism and crime among the older of their proteges, devised first (1894) the plan of requiring payment by the children in labour for all they received during these summer jaunts, then (1895) self-government for a summer colony near Freeville, and finally a permanent colony, in which the children stay for several years. The Republic was founded on the loth of July 1895; the only check on the powers of executive, representative and judicial branches of the government lies in the veto of the superintendent. " Nothing without labour " is the motto of the community, so strictly carried out that a girl or boy in the Republic who has not money' to pay for a night's lodging must sleep in jail and work the next day for the use of the cell. The legislative body, originally a House of Representatives and a Senate, in 1899 became more like the New England town meeting. The respect for the law that follows its enactment by the citizens themselves is remarkable in a class so largely of criminal tendencies; and it is particularly noticeable that positions on the police force are eagerly coveted. Fifteen is the age of majority; suffrage is universal, children under fifteen must be in charge of a citizen guardian. The average age of citizens was seventeen in 1908. The proportion of girls to boys was originally small, but gradually increased; in 1908 there were about 70 girls and 90 boys. The tendency is to admit only those aged at least sixteen and physically well equipped. In the Republic's earlier years the citizens lived in boarding-houses of different grades, but later in family groups in cottages (there were in 19x0 twelve cottages) under the care of " house-mothers." The labour of the place is divided into sewing, laundry work, cooking and domestic service for the girls, and furniture making, carpentry, farm work, baking bread and wafers (the business of an Auburn biscuit factory was bought in 1903), plumbing and printing for the boys. Masonry and
' The " government " issued its own currency in tin and later in aluminium, and " American " money could not be passed within the 48 acres of the Republic until 1906, when depreciation forced the Republic's coinage out of use and " American " coin was made legal tender. .shoe and harness making were tried for a few years. There is an efficient preparatory and high school, from which students enter directly leading colleges. The religious influence is strong, wholesome and unsectarian; students in Auburn Theological Seminary have assisted in the religious work; Roman Catholic and Hebrew services are also held; and attendance at church services is compulsory only on convicts and prisoners.
There are " Woman's Aid " societies in New York City, Ithaca, Syracuse, Buffalo, Boston and elsewhere, to promote the work of the Republic. A " republic " for younger boys, begun at Freeville, was established in Litchfield, Connecticut; and a National Junior .Republic near Annapolis Junction, Maryland, and a Carter Junior Republic at Readington, near Easton,
Pennsylvania
 , are modelled on the George Junior Republic. In 19081910 new " states " were established at Chino, California, Grove City,
Pennsylvania
 , and Flemington Junction, New
Jersey
 . In February 1908 the National Association of Junior Republics was formed with Mr George (its founder) as its director, its aims being to establish at least one " republic " in each state of the Union, and in other countries similar institutions for youth and miniature governments modelled on that of the country in which each " state " is established, and to establish colonies for younger children, to be sent at the age of fifteen to the Junior Republic. At the time of its formation the National Association included the " states " at Freeville, N.Y., Litchfield, Conn., and Annapolis Junction, Md.; others joined the federation later. _
See William R. George, The Junior Republic: its History and Ideals (New York, 191o); The Junior Republic Citizen (Freeville, 1895 sqq.), written and printed by " citizens "; Nothing Without Labor, George Junior Republic (7th ed., Freeville, 1909), a
manual
 ; J. R. Commons, " The Junior Republic," in The American Journal of Sociology (1898); D. F. Lincoln, " The George Junior Republic," in The Coming Age (Iwo); and Lyman Abbott, " A Republic within a Republic," in the Outlook for February 15, 1908.


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