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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO |
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GEIGE (O. Fr. gigue, gige; O. Ital. and Span. giga; Prov. gigua; O. Dutch gigue) , in modern German the violin; in medieval German the name applied to the first stringed instruments played with a bow, in contradistinction to those whose strings were plucked by fingers or plectrum such as the cithara, rotta and fidula, the first of these terms having been very generally used to designate various instruments whose strings were plucked. The name gige in Germany, of which the origin is uncertain,' and its derivatives in other languages, were in the middle ages applied to rebecs having fingerboards. As the first bowed instruments in Europe were, as far as we know, those of the rebab type, both boat-shaped and pear-shaped, it seems probable that the name clung to them long after the bow had been applied to other stringed instruments derived from the cithara, such as the fiddle (videl) or vielle. In the romances of the 12th and 13th centuries the gige is frequently mentioned, and generally associated with the rotta . Early in the 16th century we find definite information concerning the Geige in the works of Sebastian Virdung (1511), Hans Judenkiinig (1523), Martin Agricola (1532), Hans Gerle (1533) ; and from the instruments depicted, of two distinct types and many varieties, it would appear that the principal idea attached to the name was still that of the bow used to vibrate the strings. Virdung qualifies the word Geige with Klein (small) and Gross (large), which do not represent two sizes of the same instrument but widely different types, also recognized by Agricola, who names three or four sizes of each, discant, alto, tenor and bass. Virdung's Klein Geige is none other than the rebec with two C-shaped soundholes and a raised fingerboard cut in one piece with the vaulted back and having a separate flat soundboard glued over it, a. change 'rendered necessary by the arched bridge. Agricola's Klein Geige with three strings was of a totally different construction, having ribs and wide incurvations but no bridge; there was a rose soundhole near the tailpiece and two C-shaped holes in the shoulders. Agricola (Musica inslrumenlalis) distinctly mentions three kinds of Geigen with three, four and five strings. From him we learn that only one position was as yet used on these instruments, one or two higher notes being occasionally obtained by sliding the little finger
GEIGER; ABRAHAM (1810-1874), Jewish theologian and orientalist, was born at Frankfort-on-Main on the 24th of May 1810, and educated at the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn. As a student he distinguished himself in philosophy and in philology, and at the close of his course wrote on the relations of Judaism and Mahommedanism a prize essay which was after-wards published in 1833 under the title Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judentum aufgenommen? (English trans. Judaism and Islam, Madras, 1898). In November 1832 he went to Wiesbaden as rabbi
' The words gige, gigen, geic appear suddenly in the M. H. German of the 12th century, and thence passed apparently into the Romance languages, though some would reverse the process (e.g. Weigand, Deutsches Worterbuch): An elaborate argument in the Deutsches Worterbuch of J. and W. Grimm ( Leipzig
to sway to and fro (gugen, gagen, the rocking of a cradle), the Swabian gigen, gagen, in the same sense, the Tirolese gaiggern, to sway, doubt, or the old Norse geiga, to go astray or crooked. The reference is to the swaying motion of the violin bow. The English " jig " is derived from gige through the O. Fr. gigue (in the sense of a stringed instrument ); the modern French gigue (a dance) is the English '.' jig " re-imported (Hatzfeld and Darmesteter, Diction-?mire). This opens up another possibility, of the origin of the name of the instrument in the dance which it accompanied. (W. A. P.)GEIJER 551 active promoters ofthe Zeitschrift fisr jitdische Theologie (1835-1839 and 1842-1847). From 1838 to 1863 he lived in Breslau, where he organized the reform movement
original
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An Allgemeine Einleitung and five volumes of Nachgelassene Schriften were edited in 1875 by his son LUDWIG GEIGER (b. 1848), who in 188o became extraordinary professor in the university of Berlin. Ludwig Geiger published a large number of biographical and literary works and made a special
fur vergleichende Litt eraturgeschichte and Renaissance-Litteratur (1887-1891). Among his works are Johann Relic/din, sein Leben and seine Werke ( Leipzig
See also J. Derenbourg in Jud. Zeitschrift, xi. 299-308; E. Schrieber, Abraham Geiger als Reformator des Judentums (1880), art. (with portrait) in Jewish Encyclopedia. Abraham Geiger's nephew LAZARUS GEIGER (1829-1870), philosopher and philologist, born at Frankfort-on-Main, was destined to commerce, but soon gave himself up to scholarship and studied at Marburg, Bonn and Heidelberg. From 1861 till his sudden death in 187o he was professor in the Jewish high school at Frankfort. His chief
See L. A. Rosenthal, Laz. Geiger: seine Lehre vom Ursprung d. Sprache and Vernunft and sein Leben (Stuttgart, 1883) ; E. Peschier, L. Geiger, sein Leben and Denken (1871); J. Keller, L. Geiger and d. Kritik d. Vernunft (Wertheim, 1883) and Der Ursprung d. Vernunft (Heidelberg, 1884). End of Article: GEIGE (O. Fr. gigue, gige; O. Ital. and Span. giga; Prov. gigua; O. Dutch gigue) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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