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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO |
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GAVARNI , the name by which SULPIcE GUILLAUME CHEVALIER (18or-1866), French caricaturist, is known. He is said to have taken the nom de plume from the place where he made his first published sketch. He was born in Paris of poor parents, and started in life as a workman in an engine
sharp
series of lithographed sketches, in which he portrayed the most striking characteristics, foibles and vices of the various classes of French society. The letterpress explanations attached to his drawings were always short, but were forcible and highly humorous, if sometimes trivial, and were admirably adapted to the particular subjects. The different stages through which Gavarni's talent passed, always elevating and refining itself, are well worth being noted. At first he confined himself to the study of Parisian manners, more especially those of the Parisian youth. To this vein belong Les Lorettes, Les Actrices, Les Coulisses, Les Fashionables, Les Gentilshommes bourgeois, Les Artistes, Les Debardeurs, Clichy, Les Etudiants de Paris, Les Baliverneries parisiennes, Les Plaisirs chain pares, Les Bals masques, Le Cat-naval , Les Souvenirs du carnaval, Les Souvenirs du bal Chicard, La Vie des jeunes hommes, Les Patois de Paris. He had now ceased to be director of Les Gens du monde; but he was engaged as ordinary caricaturist of Le Charivari, and, whilst making the fortune of the paper , he made his own. His name was exceedingly popular, and his illustrations for books were eagerly sought for by publishers. Le Juif errant, by Eugene
capital , but turned his mirror to the grotesque sides of family life and of humanity at large. Les Enf ants terribles, Les Parents terribles, Les Fourberies des femmes, La Politique des femmes, Les Maxis Den's, Les Nuances du sentiment, Les Reeves
bear the stamp of a bitter and even sometimes gloomy philosophy.. This tendency was still more strengthened by a visit to England in 1849. He returned from London deeply impressed with the scenes of misery and degradation which he had observed among the lower classes of that city. In the midst of the cheerful atmosphere of Paris he had been struck chiefly by the ridiculous aspects of vulgarity and vice, and he had laughed at them. But the debasement of human nature which he saw in London appears to have affected him so forcibly that from that time the cheerful caricaturist never laughed or made others laugh again. What he hadwitnessed there became the almost exclusive subject of his drawings, as powerful, as impressive as ever, but better calculated to be appreciated by cultivated minds than by the public, which had in former years granted him so wide a popularity. Most of these last compositions appeared in the weekly paper L'Illustration
series entitled Masques et visages (r vol. 12mo), and in 1869, about two years after his death, his last artistic work, Les Douze Mois (I vol. fol.), was given to the world. Gavarni was much engaged, during the last period of his life, in scientific pursuits, and this fact must perhaps be connected with the great change which then took place in his manner as an artist. He sent several communications to the Academie des Sciences, and till his death on the 23rd of November 1866 he was eagerly interested in the question of aerial navigation. It is said that he made experiments on a large scale with a view to find the means of directing balloons; but it seems that he was not so successful in this line as his fellow-artist, the caricaturist and photographer, Nadar.Gavarni's Euvres choisies were edited in 1845 (4 vols. 4t0) with letterpress by J. Janin, Th. Gautier and Balzac, followed in 185o by two other volumes named Perles et parures; and some essays in prose and in verse written by him were collected by one of his biographers, Ch. Yriarte, and published in 1869. See also E. and J. de Goncourt, Gavarni, l'homme et l'eeuvre (1873, 8vo). J. Claretie has also devoted to the great French caricaturist a curious and interesting essay. A catalogue raisonne of Gavarni's works was published by J. Armelhault and E. Bocher (Paris, 1873, 8vo). GAVAllI, ALESSANDRO (1809-1888), Italian preacher and patriot, was born at Bologna on the 21st of March 1809. He at first became a monk (1825), and attached himself to the Barnabites at Naples, where he afterwards (1829) acted as professor of rhetoric. In 184o, having already expressed liberal views, he was removed to Rome to fill a subordinate position. Leaving his own country after the capture of Rome by the French, he carried on a vigorous campaign against priests and Jesuits in England, Scotland and North America, partly by means of a periodical, the Gavazzi Free W ord. While in England he gradually went over (1855) to the Evangelical church, and became head and organizer of the Italian Protestants in London. Returning to Italy in 186o, he served as army-chaplain with Garibaldi. In 187o he became head of the Free Church (Chiesa libera) of Italy, united the scattered Congregations into the "Unione delle Chiese libere in Italia," and in 1875 founded in Rome the theological college of the Free Church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, apologetics and polemics. He died in Rome on the 9th of January 1889. Amongst his publications are No Union with Rome (1871); The Priest in-Absolution (1877) ; My Recollections of the Last Four Popes, &c., in answer to Cardinal Wiseman (1858) ; Orations, 2 decades (1851). End of Article: GAVARNI If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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