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Encyclopedia Britannica



GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 474 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO
GARONNE (Lat. Garumna) , a river of south-western France, rising in the Maladetta group of the Pyrenees, and flowing in a wide curve to the Atlantic Ocean. It is formed by two torrents, one of which has a subterranean course of 22 m., disappearing in the sink known as the Trou du Taureau ("
bull
 's hole ") and reappearing at the Goueil de Joueou. After a course of 30 M. in Spanish territory, during which it flows through the fine gorge called the Vallee d'Aran, the Garonne enters France in the department of Haute Garonne through the narrow defile of the
Pont du Roi, and at once becomes navigable for rafts. At Montrejeau it receives on the left the Neste, and encountering at this point the vast
plateau
  of Lannemezan is forced to turn abruptly east, flowing in a wide curve to Toulouse. At Saint Martory it gives off the irrigation canal of that name. At this point the Garonne enters a fertile plain, and supplies the
motive
  power to several mills. It is joined on the right by various streams fed by the snows of the Pyrenees. Such are the Salat, at whose confluence river navigation proper begins, and the Arize and the Ariege (both names signifying" river "). From Toulouse the Garonne flows to the north-west, now skirting the northern border of the
plateau
  of Lannemezan which here drains into it, the principal streams being the Save, the Gera and the BaIse. On its right hand the Garonne is swelled by its two
chief
  tributaries, the warn, near
Moissac
 , and the Lot, below
Agen
 ; farther down it is joined by the Drot (or Dropt), and on the left by the Ciron. Between Toulouse and Castets, 332 M. above Bordeaux, and the highest point to which
ordinary
 
spring
 -tides ascend, the river is accompanied at a distance of from a 1 to 3 M. by the so-called " lateral canal " of the Garonne, constructed in 18381856. This canal is about 120 M. long, or 133 M. including its branches, one of which runs off at right angles to
Montauban
  on the Tarn. From Toulouse to
Agen
  the main canal follows the right bank of the Garonne, crossing the Tarn on an aqueduct at
Moissac
 , while another magnificent aqueduct of twenty-three arches carries it at Agen from the right to the left bank of the river. It has a fall of 420 ft. and over fifty locks, and is navigable for vessels having the maximum dimensions of 981 ft. length, 19 ft. breadth and 62 ft. draught. The carrying trade upon it is chiefly in agricultural produce and provisions, building materials,
wood
  and industrial products. At Toulouse the canal connects with the Canal du Midi, which runs to the Mediterranean. After passing Castets the Garonne begins to widen out considerably, and from being 16o yds. broad at Agen increases to about 65o yds. at Bordeaux, its great commercial port. From here it flows with ever increasing width between two flat shores to the Bec d'Ambes (152 m.), where, after a course of 357 m., it unites with the Dordogne to form the vast estuary known as the Gironde. The triangular peninsula lying between these two great tidal rivers is called Entre-deux-mers (" between two seas ") and is famous for its wines. The drainage area of the Garonne is nearly 33,000 sq. m. Floods are of common occurrence, and descend very suddenly. The most disastrous occurred in 1875, 1856 and in 1770, when the flood level at Castets attained the record height of 421 ft. above low-water mark.


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