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Encyclopedia Britannica



GAON (Heb. for " Excellency," plural Geonim)

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 455 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO
GAON (Heb. for " Excellency," plural Geonim) , the title given to the heads of the two Jewish academies in Babylonia, Sura and Pumbeditha. Though the name is far older, it is chiefly applied to Rabbis who lived between the close of the
Talmud
  and the transference of the centre of Judaism from Asia to Europe i.e. from the end of the 6th to the middle of the 11th century A.D. The Geonim were required to do homage to the Exilarchs (see ExILARCH) but were otherwise independent. They exercised wide authority and were appealed to in
settlement
  of the social and religious affairs of the diaspora. To them must be assigned the arrangement of the main lines of the present
Synagogue
 
liturgy
 . Their
chief
  literary activity took the form of Answers to Questionsa form which was extensively used in later centuries. The most noted of the Geonim, who will be found treated under their respective names, were Aliai, Amram, Semach, Saadiah, Sherira and Hai. Hai Gaon died in ro38, closing the period of the Geonim after an activity of four and a half centuries.
A full
list
  of the Geonim is given in tabular form in the Jewish Encyclopaedia, vol. v. p. 571. (I. A.)


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