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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO |
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GALLIC ACID , trioxybenzoic acid(HO) (HO)3(3 .) C 6H2CO2HH2O, the acidum gallicum of pharmacy, a substance discovered by K. W. Scheele; it occurs in the Leaves of the bearberry, in pomegranate root-bark, in tea, in gall-nuts to the extent of about 3 %, and in other vegetable productions. It may be prepared by keeping moist and exposed to the air for from four to six weeks, at a temperature of 20 to 25 C., a paste of powdered gall-nuts and water, and removing from time to time the mould which forms on its surface; the paste is then boiled with water, the hot solution filtered, allowed to cool, the separated gallic acid drained, and purified by dissolving in boiling water, recrystallization at about 27 C., and washing of the crystals with ice-cold water. The production of the acid appears to be due to the presence in the galls
galls
heating
oxide
pale
taste and reaction. It melts at about 200 C., and at 2100 to 215 it is resolved into carbon dioxide and pyrogallol, C6H3(OH)3. With ferric salts its solution gives a deep blue colour, and with ferrous salts, after exposure to the air, an in-soluble, blue-black, ferroso-ferric gallate. Bases of the alkali metals give with it four series of salts; these are stable except in alkaline solutions, in which they absorb oxygen and turn brown. Solution of calcium bicarbonate becomes with gallic acid, on exposure to the air, of a dark blue colour. Unlike tannic acid, gallic acid does not precipitate albumen or salts of the alkaloids, or, except when mixed with gum, gelatin. Salts of gold and silver are reduced by it, slowly in cold, instantaneously in warns solutions, hence its employment in photography. With phosphorus oxychloride at 12o C. gallic acid yields tannic acid, and with concentrated sulphuric acid at roe, rufigallic acid, C14H808, an anthracene derivative. Oxidizing agents, such as arsenic acid, convert it into ellagic acid, C14H809+H20, probably a fluorene derivative, a substance which occurs in gall-nuts, in the external membrane of the episperm of the walnut
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