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Encyclopedia Britannica



GALIANI, FERDINANDO (17281787)

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 401 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: GAG-GEO
GALIANI, FERDINANDO (17281787) , Italian economist, was born at Chieti on the 2nd of December 1728. He was carefully educated by his uncle Monsignor C.
Galiani
  at Naples and Rome with a view to entering the Church.
Galiani
  gave early promise of distinction as an economist, and even more as a wit. At the age of twenty-two, after he had taken orders, he had produced two works by which his name became widely known far beyond the bounds of his own Naples. The one, his Trattato della nzoneta, in which he shows himself a strong supporter of the mercantile school, deals with many aspects of the question of exchange, but always with a
special
  reference to the state of confusion then presented by the whole monetary
system
  of the Neapolitan government. The other, Raccolta in Marie del Boia, established his fame as a humorist, and was highly popular in Italian literary circles at the end of the 18th century. In this volume Galiani parodied with exquisite felicity, in a
series
  of discourses on the death of the public hangman, the styles of the most pompous and pedantic Neapolitan writers of the day. Galiani's political knowledge and social qualities now pointed him out to the discriminating eye of King Charles, afterwards Charles III. of Spain, and his liberal minister Tanucci, and he was appointed in 1759 secretary to the Neapolitan embassy at Paris. This post he held for ten years, when he returned to Naples and was made a councillor of the tribunal of commerce, and in 1777, minister of the royal domains. His economic reputation was made by a book written in French and published in Paris, namely, his Dialogues sur le commerce des bles. This
work
 , by its light and pleasing style, and the vivacious wit with which it abounded, delighted Voltaire, who spoke of it as a book in the production of which Plato and Moliere might have been combined! The author, says Pecchio, treated his arid subject as Fontenelle did the vortices of Descartes, or
Algarotti
  the Newtonian
system
  of the world. The question at issue was that of the freedom of the corn
trade
 , then much agitated, and, in particular, the policy of the royal edict of 1764, which permitted the exportation of
grain
  so
long
  as the price had not arrived at a certain height. The general principle he maintains is that the best system in regard to this
trade
  is to have no systemcountries differently circumstanced requiring, according to him, different modes of treatment. He fell, however, into some of the most serious errors of the mercantilistsholding, as indeed did also Voltaire and even Verri, that one country cannot gain without another losing, and in his earlier treatise going so far as to defend the action of governments in debasing the currency. Until his death at Naples on the30th of October 1787, Galiani kept up with his old Parisian friends a correspondence, which was published in 1818..
See L'arbate Galiani, by Alberto Marghieri (1878), and his correspondence with Tanucci in Viesseux's L'Archivio storico (Florence,
1878). 4


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