GAD

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 382 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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GAD , in the Bible. 1. A prophet or rather a " seer " (cp. I Sam. ix. 9), who was a companion of David from his early days. He is first mentioned in I Sam. xxii. 5 as having warned David to take

refuge

REFUGE

in Judah, and appears again in 2 Sam. xxiv. 11 seq. to make known Yahweh's displeasure at the numbering of the people. Together with Nathan he is represented in post-exilic tradition as assisting to organize the musical service of the temple (2 Chron. xxix. 25), and like Nathan and Samuel he is said to have written an account of David's deeds (1 Chron. xxix. 29); a history of David in accordance with later tradition and upon the lines of later prophetic ideas is far from improbable.
2. Son of Jacob, by Zilpah, Leah's maid; a tribe of

Israel

ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

(Gen. xxx. II). The name is that of the god of " luck " Or fortune, mentioned in Isa. lxv. ii (R.V. ing.), and in several names of places, e.g. Baal-Gad (josh. xi. 17, xii. 7), and possibly also in Dibon-Gad, Migdol-Gad and Nahal-Gad.' There is another etymology in Gen. xlix. 19, where the name is played on: " Gad, a plundering troop,(geds2d)shall plunder him (yegudennu), but he shall plunder at their heels." There are no traditions of the personal history of Gad. One of the earliest references to the name is the statement on the inscription of Mesha, king of Moab (about 85o B.C.), that the " men of Gad " had occupied Ataroth (E. of Dead Sea) from of old, and that the king of

Israel

ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

had fortified the city. This is in the

district

DISTRICT

ascribed to

Reuben

REUBEN

, with which tribe the fortunes of Gad were very closely connected. In Numbers xxxii.' 34 sgq.,,the cities of Gad appear to lie chiefly to the south of Heshbon; in Joshua xiii. 24-28 they lie almost wholly to the north; while other texts present discrepancies which are not easily reconciled with either passage. Possibly some cities were common to both

Reuben

REUBEN

and Gad, and perhaps others more than once changed hands. That Gad, at one time at least, held territory as far south as Pisgah and Nebo would follow from Deut. xxxiii. 2I, if the rendering of the Targums be accepted, " and he looked out the first part for himself, because there was the portion of the buried law-giver." It is certain, however, that, at a

late

LATE

period, this tribe was localized chiefly in Gilead, in the

district

DISTRICT

which now goes by the name of Jebel Jil`ad. The traditions encircling this district point, it would seem, to the tribe having been of Aramaean origin (see the story of Jacob) ; at all events its position was extremely exposed, and its population at the best must have been a mixed one. Its richness and fertility made it aprey to the marauding nomads of the desert; but the allusion in the Blessing of Jacob gives the tribe a character for bravery, and David's men of Gad (i Chron. xii. 8) were famous in tradition. Although rarely mentioned by name (the geographical term Gilead is usual), the history of Gad enters into the lives of Jephthah and

Saul

SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

, and in the wars of Ammon and Moab it must have played some part. It followed
' See G. B. Gray, Heb. Proper Names, pp. r34 seq., 145.jeroboam in the

great

GREAT

revolt against the

house

HOUSE
HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
Gothic
- GOTHIC
it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

of David, and its later fortunes until 734 B.C. (i Chron. v. 26) would be those of the northern kingdom.
See, for a

critical

CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

discussion of the data, H. W. Hogg, Ency. Bib. Cols. 1579 sqq.; also GILEAD; MANASSEH; REUBEN.

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