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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: FRA-GAE |
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FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM .The cross
cross
14. Before we draw conclusions from this result, we must investigate the meaning of a cross-ratio somewhat more fully. If four points A, B, C, D are given, and we wish to form their cross-ratio, we have first to divide
(AB, CD)= CB:ACADDB This is easily remembered. In order to write it out, make first the two lines for the fractions, and put above and below these the letters A and B in their places, thus, P'B : PIB; and then fill up, crosswise, the first by C and the other by D. 15. If we take the points in a different order, the value of the cross-ratio will change . We can do this in twenty-four different ways by forming all permutations of the letters. But of these twenty-four cross-ratios groups of four are equal, so that there are really only six different ones, and these six are reciprocals in pairs.We have the following rules: I. If in a cross-ratio the two groups be interchanged, its value remains unaltered, i.e. (AB, CD) = (CD, AB) re (BA, DC) = (DC, BA). II. If in a cross-ratio the two points belonging to one of the two groups be interchanged, the cross-ratio changes into its reciprocal, i.e. (AB, CD) = I/(AB, DC) = i/(BA, CD) = I/(CD, BA) = 'ADC, AB). From I. and II. we see that eight cross-ratios are associated with (AB, CD). [ i6. If X.= (AB, CD), A= (AC, DB), v= (AD, BC), then A, At, v and their reciprocals i/A, I/, qv are the values of the total
P' A-i-Ii=,s+I/v=v+IIA= Av= 1; this proposition may be Droved by substituting for A, is, v andreducing to a common origin. There are therefore four equations between three unknowns; hence if one cross-ratio be given, the remaining twenty-three are determinate. Moreover, two of the quantities A, , v are positive, and the remaining one negative. The following scheme shows the twenty-four cross-ratios expressed in terms of A, is, v.](AB, CD) = (AB, DC) = (BA, CD). For four harmonic points the six cross-ratios become equal two and two: A=I,IA=2,AI=2, =I,IIA,Ar1=2. Hence if we get four points whose cross-ratio is 2 or , then they are harmonic, but not arranged so that conjugates are paired. If this is the case
19. If we equate any two of the above six values of the cross-ratios, we get either X= I, o, oo, or X= -1, 2, 1, or else A becomes a root of the equation A2A+I =o, that is, an imaginary cube
case
interest
20. From the definition of 'harmonic points, and by aid of I I, the following properties are easily deduced. If C and D are harmonic conjugates with regard to A and B, then one of them lies in, the other without AB; it is impossible to move from A to B without passing either through C or through D; the one blocks the finite way, the other the way through infinity. This is expressed by saying A and B are "separated " by C and D. For every position of C there will be one and only one point D which is its harmonic conjugate with regard to any point pair A, B. If A and B are different points, and if C coincides with A or B, D does. But if A and B coincide, one of the points C or D, lying between them, coincides with them, and the other may be anywhere in the line. It follows that, " if of four harmonic conjugates two -coincide, then a third coincides with them, and the fourth may be any point in the line." If C is the middle point between A and B, then D is the point at infinity; for AC: CB=+1, hence AD:DB must be equal to i. The harmonic conjugate of the point at infinity in a line with regard to two points A, B is the middle point of AB. This important property gives a first example how metric properties are connected with projective ones. [ 21. Harmonic properties of the complete
quadrilateral
(AB, CD) ' (AC, DB)' (CD DC) - A t I/(Iv) (CB CA I( X 1)/v A,' BD) (DC, BA) , (DB, AC)_ (AB, DC) ' (AD, BC)1 (BA, CD) . IjA IJ(I ti) C, AB) Bv (~ I)/A t+ l(I) A) I(BC,AD) , D- (CB, DA) (DA, CB) J L (AC, BD) ' (AD, CB) (BD , AC) 1 A v/(v1) (BC, DD)~ ) I--I)/i I/ V ( DB) (DA, BC) A/(A ' (DB, .. 17. If one of the points of which a cross-ratio is formed is the point at infinity in the line, the cross-ratio changes into a simple ratio. It is convenient to let the point at infinity occupy the last place in the symbolic expression for the cross-ratio. Thus if I is a point at infinity, we have (AB, CI) = AC/CB, because AI : IB = i. Every common ratio of three points in a line may thus be ex-pressed as a cross-ratio, by adding the point at infinity to the group of points. End of Article: FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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