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Encyclopedia Britannica



FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836 )

This article appears in Volume V11, Page 216 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: FRA-GAE
FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836 ) , German theologian, was born at Poxdorf in Upper Franconia on the 5th of May 1836, and was educated at
Bamberg
  and at
Munich
 , where in 1865 he was appointed professor extraordinary of theology. In 1869 he went to the Vatican Council as secretary to Cardinal Hohenlohe, and took an active
part
  in opposing the dogma of papal infallibility, notably by supplying the opposition bishops with historical and theological material. He left Rome before the council closed. " No German ecclesiastic of his age appears to have won for himself so unusual a repute as a theologian and to have held so important a position, as the trusted counsellor of the leading German cardinal at the Vatican Council. The path was fairly open before him to the highest advancement in the
Church
  of Rome, yet he deliberately sacrificed all such hopes and placed himself in the van of a hard and doubtful struggle" ( The Guardian, 1872, p. 1004). Sentence of
excommunication
  was passed on
Friedrich
  in
April
  1871, but he refused to acknowledge it and was upheld by the Bavarian government. He continued to perform ecclesiastical functions and maintained his academic position, becoming
ordinary
  professor in 1872. In 1882 he was transferred to the philosophical faculty as professor of history. By this time he had to some extent withdrawn from the advanced position which he at first occupied in organizing the Old Catholic
Church
 , for he was not in agreement with its abolition of enforced
celibacy
 .
Friedrich
  was a prolific writer; among his
chief
  works are: Johann Wessel (1862); Die Lehre des Johann IIus (1862); Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands (18671869); Tagebuch wahrend des Vatikan. Concils gefuhrt (1871); Zur Verteidigung meines Tagebuchs (1872); Beitrage zur Kirchengeschichte des 18ten Jahrh. (1876); Geschichte des Vatikan. Konzils (18771886); Beitrage zur Gesch. des Jesuitenordens (1881) ; Das Papsttum (1892) ; I. v. Dellinger (18991901).


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