FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743)

This article appears in Volume V10, Page 501 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743) , French cardinal and statesman, *as born at Lodeve (Herault)on the 22nd, of June 1653, the son of a collector of taxes. Educated by the Jesuits in Paris, he entered the priesthood, and became in 5679, through the influence of Cardinal Boni, almoner to Maria Theresa, queen of Louis XIV., and in 1698, bishop of Frejus. Seventeen years of a country bishopric determined him to seek a position at court. He became tutor to the king's great-grandson and

heir

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

, and in spite of an apparent lack of ambition, he acquired over the child's mind an influence which proved to be indestructible. On the death of the regent Orleans in 1723 Fleury, although already seventy years of age, deferred his own supremacy by suggesting the appointment of Louis Henri, duke of Bourbon, as first minister. Fleury was present at all interviews between Louis XV. and his first minister, and on Bourbon's attempt to break through this rule Fleury retired from court. Louis made Bourbon recall the tutor, who on the 1 rth of July 1726, took affairs into his own hands, and secured the

exile

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap,
consul
- CONSUL
- CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)
, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

from court of Bourbon and of his mistress Madame de Prie. He refused the title of first minister, but his

elevation

ELEVATION

to the cardinalate in that year secured his precedence over the other ministers. He was naturally frugal and prudent, and cai;ried these qualities into the administration, with the result that in 1738-1739 there was a surplus of 15,000,000livres instead of the usual deficit. In 1726 he fixed the standard of the currency and secured the credit of the government by the regular payment thenceforward of the

interest

INTEREST

on the debt. By exacting forced labour from the peasants he gave France admirable roads, though at the cost of rousing angry discontent. During the seventeen years of his orderly government the country found time to recuperate its forces after the exhaustion caused by the extravagances of Louis XIV. and of the regent, and the general prosperity raptly increased. Internal peace was only seriously disturbed by the severities which Fleury saw fit to exercise against the Jansenists. He imprisoned priests who refused to accept the bull Unigenitus, and he met the opposition of the parlement of Paris by exiling forty of its members.
In foreign affairs his

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

preoccupation was the maintenance of peace, which was shared by Sir Robert Walpole, and therefore led to a. continuance of the good understanding between France and England. It was only with reluctance that he supported the ambitious projects of Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Spain, in Italy by guaranteeing in 1729 the succession of Don Carlos to the duchies of Parma and Tuscany. Fleury had economized in the army and navy, as elsewhere, and when in 1733 war was forced upon him he was hardly prepared. He was compelled by public

opinion

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

to support the claims of Louis XV.'s father-in-law Stanislaus Leszczynski, ex-king of Poland, to the Polish crown on the death of Frederick

Augustus

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

I., against the Russo. Austrian candidate; but the despatch of a French expedition of 15oo men to Danzig only served to humiliate France. Fleury was driven by Chauvelin to more energetic measures; he concluded a close alliance with the Spanish Bourbons and sent two armies. against the Austrians. Military successes on, the
Rhine and in Italy secured the favourable terms of the treaty of Vienna (1735-1738). France had joined with the other powers in guaranteeing the succession of Maria Theresa under the Pragmatic sanction, but on the death of Charles VI. in 1740 Fleury by a diplomatic quibble found an excuse for repudiating his engagements, when he found the party of war supreme in the king's counsels. After the disasters of the Bohemian campaign he wrote in confidence a humble letter to the Austrian general Konigsegg, who immediately published it. Fleury disavowed his own letter, and died a few days after the French evacuation of Prague on the 29th of January 1743. He had enriched the royal library by many valuable oriental MSS., and was a member of the French Academy, of the Academy of Science, and the Academy of

Inscriptions

INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

._

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