F7A

This article appears in Volume V03, Page 259 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EUD-FAT

F7A Tertiary 1MdB Carboniferous EN Volcanic Rocks
Cretaceous. lncluaes rriossio
dejioeadJe;0 nm yet Seperatete Arebnean A Aletamo,phio o Active Volcanoes
Jurassic
Aegean Sea and its apex in Servia. On two sides this area is bordered by belts of folded beds which form on the west the mountain ranges of the Adriatic and Ionian coasts, and on the north the chain of the Balkans. Finally, beyond the Balkans lies the

great

GREAT

Rumanian depression, occupied chiefly by undisturbed Cretaceous and Tertiary strata. The central region, although wedged in between two belts of folding, is not affected by the folds of either, excepting near its margins. It consists largely of crystalline and schistose rocks. The core is formed by the mountain masses of Rhodope, Belasitza, Perin and Rila: and here Palaeozoic and Mesozoic beds are absent, and the earliest sedimentary deposits belong to the Tertiary period and lie flat upon the crystalline rocks. Upon the margins, however, Cretaceous beds are found. The eastern parts of Greece are composed almost entirely of Cretaceous beds, but nevertheless they must be considered to belong to the central area, for the folds which affect them are nearly at right angles to those of the western chains. In general, however, the central area is one of faulting rather than of folding, and the sedimentary beds sometimes lie in troughs formed by faults. Extensive volcanic outbursts occurred in this region during the Tertiary period. In the western folded belt the strike of the folds is N.W.-S.E., or N.N.W.-S.S.E. There are many local irregularities, but the general direction,is maintained as far as the southern extremity of Greece, where the folds show a tendency to curve towards Crete. In the north, Carboniferous beds are present, and the Trias and the Jura take a considerable part in the formation of the chain. The Sarmatian beds are also involved in the folds, indicating that the folding was not completed till Pliocene times. In the south, the older beds disappear and the whole chain is formed chiefly of Cretaceous beds, though Eocene and probably Jurassic rocks are
appeared in the rest of Greece, almost entirely in Servia; and it
continues to decrease in Bulgaria notwithstanding the efforts of
the authorities to check emigration. It is nowhere found in
compact masses except in north-eastern Bulgaria and the region
between Adrianople, the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora.
Elsewhere it appears in separate villages and
isolated districts, or in the larger towns and their
immediate neighbourhood. The total Turkish
population of the Peninsula scarcely exceeds
1,800,000. The Slavonic population, including
the Serbo-Croats and Bulgars, is by far the
most numerous; its total aggregate exceeds
ro,000,000. The majority of the Serbo-Croats left
their homes among the Carpathians and settled
in the Balkan Peninsula in the 7th century.
The distinction between the Serbs of the more
central region and the Croats of the north-west,
was first

drawn

DRAWN

by the early Byzantine chroni-
clers, and was well established by the 12th cen-
tury. It does not correspond with any valid
linguistic or racial difference; but in the course of
time a strong religious difference arose. Along the Croatian and
Dalmatian coast there existed a well-developed Latin civiliza-
tion, which was sustained by constant intercourse with Italy;
and, under its influence, the Serbo-Croatian immigrants were
converted to the Roman Catholic Church. In the wild and
mountainous interior, however, the Byzantine Church had few
or no rivals and the Orthodox creed prevailed. The Orthodox
Serbs inhabit the kingdom of Servia, Old Servia (or Novibazar
and north-western Macedonia), Montenegro, Herzegovina and
parts of Bosnia. The Roman Catholic Croats predominate in
Dalmatia, north-western Bosnia and Croatia-Slavonia. Monte-
negro, like the other mountainous regions, adhered to the Greek
Church; it received a number of Orthodox Servian refugees at
the beginning of the 15th century, when the Turks occupied
Servia. The numbers of the Serbo-Croats may be estimated at
about 5,600,000. The Bulgars, who descend from a fusion of the
Slavonic

element

ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

with a later Ugro-Finnish immigration, inhabit
the kingdom of Bulgaria (including Eastern

Rumelia

RUMELIA, or ROUMELIA (Turkish Rumili, " the land of the Romans," i.e. the
East
- EAST
- EAST, ALFRED (1849- )
Roman or Byzantine empire)

), parts
of the Dobrudja and the greater part of Macedonia, except Old
Servia and the Aegean littoral. Apart from their colonies in
Bessarabia and elsewhere, they may be reckoned at 4,400,000.
Only a portion of the widely-spread Ruman or Vlach race, which
extends over a

great

GREAT

part of Transylvania, south

Hungary

HUNGARY
HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

and
Bessarabia, as well as the Rumanian kingdom, falls within the
limits of the Peninsula. It is found in numerous detached
settlements in Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece, and in
colonies of

recent

RECENT

date in Servia and Bulgaria. The

nomad

NOMAD (Gr. voľas, voľabes, wandering)

Vlachs

VLACHS

or Tzintzars of these countries

call

CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

themselves Arumani
or " Romans "; they are a remnant of the native Latinized
population which received an increase from the immigration
of Daco-Roman refugees, who fled southwards during the 3rd
century, after the abandonment of Dacia by Aurelian. (See

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