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Encyclopedia Britannica



EUPHONIUM (Fr. baryton; Ger. Tenor Tube)

This article appears in Volume V09, Page 892 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EUD-FAT
EUPHONIUM (Fr. baryton; Ger. Tenor Tube) , a modern brass wind
instrument
 , known in military bands as euphonium and in the orchestra as
tuba
 . The euphonium consists of a brass tube with a conical bore of wide calibre ending in a wide-mouthed bell; it is played by means of a cup-shaped mouthpiece. The sound is produced as in the bombardon, which is the
bass
  of the euphonium, by the varied tension of the lips across the mouth-
' For a discussion of this see ARCHON.piece, whereby the natural open notes or harmonics, consisting of the
series
  here shown, are obtained.
The intervening notes of the chromatic scale are obtained by means of valves or pistons usually four in number, which by opening a passage
into additional lengths
of tubing lower the pitch =-m . i H Meemhnn
one, half, one-and-a-half, -mi4' 4i
two-and-a-halftones (see b~_ T
BOMBARDON;
TUBA
 ; I z 3 4 6 8 VALVES). The euphonium gives out the fundamental, or first note of the harmonic
series
 , readily, but no harmonic above the eighth. Euphoniums are made in C and in Bb, the latter being more generally used. By means of all the valves used at once, the Bb, an
octave
  below the fundamental, can be reached, giving a compass of four octaves, with chromatic intervals. The
bass
  clef is used in notation. The euphonium is treated by French and German composers as a transposing
instrument
 ; in England the real notes are usually written, except when the treble clef is used. The quality of tone is
rich
  and full, harmonizing well with that of the trombone. The euphonium speaks readily in the lower
register
 , but slowly, of course, owing to the
long
  dip of the pistons. Messrs Rudall Carte have removed this difficulty by their patent short action pistons, which have but half the dip of the old pistons. On these
instruments
  it is easy to execute rapid passages.
The euphonium is frequently said to be a saxhorn, corresponding to the baryton member of that family, but the statement is misleading. The bombardon and euphonium, like the saxhorns, are the outcome of the application of valves to the bugle family, but there is a radical difference in construction; the tubas (bombardon and euphonium) have a conical bore of sufficiently wide calibre to allow of the production of the fundamental harmonic, which is absent in the saxhorns. The Germans classify brass wind
instruments
  as whole and half' according to whether, having the wide bore of the bugle, the whole length of the tube is available and gives the fundamental proper to an organ pipe of the same length or whether by reason of the narrow bore in proportion to the length, only half the length of the instrument is of
practical
  utility, the harmonic series beginning with the second harmonic. (See BOMBARDON.) (K. S.)


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