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Encyclopedia Britannica



EUNOMIUS (d. c. 393)

This article appears in Volume V09, Page 890 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EUD-FAT
EUNOMIUS (d. c. 393) , one of the leaders of the extreme or "anomoean" Arians, who are sometimes accordingly called Eunomians, was born at Dacora in Cappadocia early in the 4th century. He studied theology at Alexandria under Aetius, and afterwards came under the influence of Eudoxius of Antioch, where he was ordained deacon. On the recommendation of Eudoxius he was appointed bishop of Cyzicus in 36o. Here his free utterance of extreme Arian views led to popular complaints, and Eudoxius was compelled, by command of the emperor, Constantius II., to depose him from the bishopric within a year of his
elevation
  to it. During the reigns of Julianand Jovian, Eunomius resided in
Constantinople
  in close inter-course with Aetius, consolidating an heretical party and consecrating schismatical bishops. He then went to live at Chalcedon, whence in 367 he was banished to Mauretania for harbouring. the rebel Procopius. He was recalled, however, before he reached his destination. In 383 the emperor Theodosius, who had demanded a declaration of faith from all party leaders, punished Eunomius for continuing to teach his distinctive doctrines, by banishing him to Halmyris in Moesia. He after-wards resided at ChaIcedon and at Caesarea in Cappadocia, from which he was expelled by the inhabitants for writing against their bishop Basil. His last days were spent at Dacora his
birth
 -place, where he died about 393. His writings were held in high reputation by his party, and their influence was so much dreaded by the orthodox, that more than one imperial edict was issued for their destruction (Cod. Theod. xvi. 34). Consequently his commentary on the epistle to the Romans, mentioned by the historian Socrates, and his epistles, mentioned by Philostorgius and Photius, are no longer extant. His first apologetical
work
  ('A7roXo'y rta6s), written probably about 36o or 365, has been entirely recovered from the celebrated refutation of it by Basil, and may be found in J. A. Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. viii. pp. 262-305. A second apology, written before 379 (`Trip aro)oyias aroXo'yia), exists only in the quotations given from it in a refutation by Gregory of Nyssa. The exposition of faith ("EKBartr T1]s rL rEwc), called forth by the demand of Theodosius, is still extant, and has been edited by Valesius in his notes to Socrates, and by Ch. H. G.. Rettberg in his Marcelliana.
The teaching of the Anomoean school, led by Aetius and Eunomius, starting from the conception of God as 6 ayivvijros, argued that between the ayEvvl7Tor and yEVVgros there could be no essential, but at best only a moral, resemblance. " As the Unbegotten, God is an absolutely simple being; an act of generation would involve a contradiction of His essence by introducing duality into the Godhead." According to Socrates (v. 24), Eunomius carried his views to a
practical
  issue by altering the baptismal
formula
 . Instead of baptizing in the name of the Trinity, he baptized in the name of the Creator and into the death of Christ. This alteration was regarded by the orthodox as so serious that Eunomians on returning to the church were rebaptized, though the Arians were not. The Eunomian heresy was formally condemned by the council of
Constantinople
  in 381. The sect maintained a
separate
  existence for some time, but gradually fell away owing to internal divisions.
See C. R. W. Klose, Geschichte and Lehre des Eumonius (Kiel, 1833) ; F. Loofs in Hauck-
Herzog
 , Realencyk. fur prot. Theol. ;
Whiston
 's Eunomianismus redivivus contains an English translation of the first apology. See also ARIUS.


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