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Encyclopedia Britannica



EUMENES (c. 360-316 B.C.)

This article appears in Volume V09, Page 889 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EUD-FAT
EUMENES (c. 360-316 B.C.) , Macedonian general, was a native of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonesus. At a very early age he was employed as private secretary by Philip II. of Macedon, and on the death of that prince, by Alexander, whom he accompanied into
Asia
 . In the division of the empire on Alexander's death, Cappadocia and
Paphlagonia
  were assigned to Eumenes; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus were charged by Perdiccas to put him in possession. Antigonus, however, disregarded the order, and Leonnatus in vain attempted to induce Eumenes to accompany him to Europe and share in his far-reaching designs. Eumenes joined Perdiccas, who in-stalled him in Cappadocia. When Craterus and Antipater, having reduced
Greece
 , determined to pass into
Asia
  and over-throw the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at Cappadocia. Craterus and Neoptolemus, satrap of Armenia, were completely defeated by Eumenes-(321); Neoptolemus was killed, and Craterus died of his wounds. After the murder of Perdiccas in
Egypt
  by his own soldiers, the Macedonian generalscondemned Eumenes to death, and charged Antipater and Antigonus with the execution of their order. Eumenes, being defeated through the treachery of one of his officers, fled to Nora, a strong fortress on the confines of Cappadocia and Lycaonia, where he defended himself for more than a year. The death of Antipater (319) produced complications. He left the regency to his friend Polyperchon over the head of his son Cassander, who entered into an alliance with Antigonus and
Ptolemy
  against Polyperchon, supported by Eumenes, who, having escaped from Nora, was threatening Syria and Phoenicia. In 318 Antigonus marched against him, and Eumenes withdrew
east
  to join the satraps of the provinces beyond the
Tigris
 . After two indecisive battles in
Iran
 , Eumenes was betrayed by his own soldiers to Antigonus and put to death. He was an able soldier, who did his utmost to maintain the unity of Alexander's empire in Asia; but his efforts were frustrated by the generals and satraps, who hated and despised the secretary" and "foreigner."
See Plutarch, Eumenes; Cornelius Nepos, Eumenes; Diod. Sic. xviii.,xix.; Arrian, Anabasis, vii.; Quintus Curtius x. 4. 10;
Justin
  xiii. 8; A. Vezin, Eumenes von Kardia. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Diadochenzeit (Munster i. W., 1907). Also MACEDONIAN EMr1RE.


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