EUDAEMONISM (from Gr. eb&u,uosla, literally the state of being under the protection of a benign spirit, a " good genius ")

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EUDAEMONISM (from Gr. eb&u,uosla, literally the state of being under the protection of a benign spirit, a " good genius ") , in ethics, the name applied to theories of morality which find the

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

good of man in some form of happiness. The term Eudaemonia has been taken in a large number of senses, with consequent variations in the meaning of Eudaemonism. To Plato the " happiness " of all the members of a state, each according to his own capacity, was the final end of political development. Aristotle, as usual, adopted " eudaemonia " as the term which in popular language most nearly represented his idea and made it the keyword of his ethical

doctrine

DOCTRINE

. None the less he greatly expanded the content of the word, until the popular idea was practically lost: if a man is to be called ebbaiwv, he must have all his powers performing their functions freely in accordance with virtue, as well as a reasonae: degree of material well-being; the highest conceivable good of mad is the life of contemplation. Aristotle further held that the good man in achieving virtue must experience pleasure (i7Sovi)), which is, therefore, not the same as, but the sequel to or concomitant of eudaemonia. Subsequent thinkers have to a greater or less degree identified the two ideas, and much confusion has resulted. Among the ancients the Epicureans expressed all eudaemonia in terms of pleasure. On the other hand attempts have been made to

separate

SEPARATE

hedonism, as the

SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

for a continuous

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of physical pleasures, from eudaemonism, a

condition

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

of enduring mental

satisfaction

SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

. Such a distinction involves the assumptions that bodily pleasuresare generically different from mental ones, and that there is in practice a clearly marked dividing line,both of which hypo-theses are frequently denied. Among modern writers, James Seth (Ethical Princ., 1894) resumes Aristotle's position, and places Eudaemonism as the mean between the Ethics of Sensibility (hedonism) and the Ethics of Rationality, each of which over-looks the complex character of human life. The fundametal difficulty which confronts those who would distinguish between pleasure and eudaemonia is that all pleasure is ultimately a mental phenomenon, whether it be roused by food, music, doing a moral action or committing a

theft

THEFT

. There is a marked disposition on the part of critics of hedonism to confuse "pleasure" with animal pleasure or " passion,"in other words, with a pleasure phenomenon in which the predominant feature is entire lack of self-

control

CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

, whereas the word "pleasure." has strictly no such

connotation

CONNOTATION

. Pleasure is strictly nothing more than the state of being pleased, and hedonism the theory that man's

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

good consists in acting in such a way as to bring about a continuous succession of such states. That they are in some cases produced by physical or sensory stimuli does not constitute them irrational, and it is purely arbitrary to confine the word pleasure to those cases in which such stimuli are the proximate causes. The value of the term Eudaemonism as an antithesis to Hedonism is thus very questionable.

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