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Encyclopedia Britannica



ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (15411576)

This article appears in Volume V09, Page 783 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EMS-EUD
ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (15411576) , the eldest son of Sir Richard Devereux, was born in 1541. His grandfather was the and Baron
Ferrers
 , who was created Viscount
Hereford
  in 155o and by his mcther was a nephew of
Henry
  Bourchier, a former
earl
  of Essex. Walter Devereux succeeded as and Viscount
Hereford
  in 1558, and in 1561 or 1562 married Lettice, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys. In 1569 he served as high marshal of the field under the
earl
  of Warwick and Lord Clinton, and materially assisted them in suppressing the northern insurrection. For his zeal in the service of Queen Elizabeth on this and other occasions, he in 1572 received the Garter and was created earl of Essex, the title which formerly belonged to the Bourchier family. Eager to give proof of " his good devotion to employ himself in the service of her. majesty," he offered on certain conditions to subdue and colonize, at his own expense, a portion of the Irish province of Ulster, at that time completely under the dominion of the rebel O'Neills, under Sir Brian MacPhelim and Tirlogh Luineach, with the Scots under their leader Sorley Boy MacDonnell. His offer, with certain modifications, was accepted, and he set sail for Ireland in July 1573, accompanied by a number of earls, knights and gentlemen, and with a force of about 1200 men. The beginning of his enterprise was inauspicious, for on account of a
storm
  which dispersed his
fleet
  and drove some of his vessels as far as Cork and the Isle of Man, his forces did not all reach the place of rendezvous till
late
  in the autumn, and he was compelled to entrench himself at Belfast for the winter. Here, by sickness,
famine
  and desertions, his troops were diminished to little more than 200 men. Intrigues of various sorts, and fighting of a guerilla type, followed with disappointing results, and Essex had difficulties both with the deputy Fitzwilliam and with the queen. Essex was in straits himself, and his offensive movements in Ulster took the form of raids and brutal massacres among the O'Neills; in October 1574 he treacherously captured MacPhelim at a conference in Belfast, and after slaughtering his attendants had him and his wife and brother executed at Dublin. Elizabeth, instigated apparently by Leicester, after encouraging Essex to. prepare to attack the Irish
chief
  Tirlogh Luineach, suddenly commanded him to " break off his enterprise "; but, as she left him a certain discretionary power, he took advantage of it to defeat Tirlogh Luineach, chastise Antrim, and massacre several hundreds of Sorley Boy's following, chiefly women and children, discovered hiding in the caves of Rathlin. He returned to England in the end of 1575, resolved " to live henceforth an untroubled life "; but he was ultimately persuaded to accept the offer of the queen to make him earl marshal of Ireland. He arrived in Dublin in September 1576, and three weeks afterwards died of dysentery. There were suspicions that he had been poisoned by Leicester, who shortly after his death married his widow, but these were not confirmed by the post-mortem examination. The endeavours of Essex to better the condition of Ireland were a dismal failure; and the massacres of the O'Neills and of the Scots of Rathlin leave a dark stain on his reputation.
See Sidney Lee's article in the Dict. Nat. Biog. ; Lives of the Devereux Earls of Essex, by Hon. Walter B. Devereux (1853); Froude's History of England, vol. x.; J. S. Brewer,
Athenaeum
  (1870), part i. pp. 261, 326.


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