EPISTEMOLOGY

This article appears in Volume V09, Page 701 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: EMS-EUD

EPISTEMOLOGY .(Gr. Einarip.oi, knowledge, and Aoyos, theory, account; Germ. Erkenntnistheorie), in philosophy, a

term

TERM

applied, probably first by J. F. Ferrier, to that department of thought whose subject matter is the nature and origin of knowledge. It is thus contrasted with metaphysics, which considers the nature of reality, and with psychology, which deals with the objective part of cognition, and, as Prof. James Ward said, " is essentially genetic in its method " (Mind, April 1883, pp. 166-167). Epistemology is concerned rather with the possibility of knowledge in the abstract (sub specie aeternitatis, Ward, ibid.). In the

evolution

EVOLUTION

of thought epistemological inquiry succeeded the speculations of the early thinkers, who concerned themselves primarily with attempts to explain existence. The differences of

opinion

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

which arose on this problem naturally led to the inquiry as to whether any universally valid statement was possible. The Sophists and the Sceptics, Plato and

Aristotle

ARISTOTLE
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

, the Stoics and the Epicureans took up the question, and from the time of Locke and Kant it has been prominent in modern philosophy. It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to draw a hard and fast line between epistemology and other branches of philosophy. If, for example, philosophy is divided into the theory of knowing and the theory of being, it is impossible entirely to

separate

SEPARATE

the latter (Ontology) from the

analysis

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

of knowledge (Epistemology), so close is the connexion between the two. Again, the relation between logic in its widest sense and the theory of knowledge is extremely close. Some thinkers have identified the two, while others regard Epistemology as a subdivision of logic; others demarcate their relative

spheres

SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

by confining logic to the science of the

laws

LAWS

of thought, i.e. to formal logic. An attempt has been made by some philosophers to substitute " Gnosiology " (Gr. yvc o is) for " Epistemology " as a

special

SPECIAL

term

TERM

for that part of Epistemology which is con-fined to " systematic

analysis

ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

of the conceptions employed by

ordinary

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

and scientific thought in interpreting the world, and including an investigation of the art of knowledge, or the nature of knowledge as such." " Epistemology " would thus be reserved for the broad questions of " the origin, nature and limits of knowledge " (Baldwin's Diet. of Philos. i. pp. 333 and 414). The term Gnosiology has not, however, come into general use. (See PHILOSOPHY.)

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