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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DRO-ECG |
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DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or JTNGARIA , a former Mongolian kingdom of Central Asia, raised to its highest pitch by Kaldan or Bushtu Khan in the latter half of the 17th century, but completely destroyed by Chinese invasion about 1757-1759. It has played an important part in the history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward. Now its territory belongs partly to the Chinese empire (east Turkestan and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (provinces of Semiryechensk and Semipalatinsk). It derived its name from the Dsongars, or Songars, who were so called because they formed the left wing (dson, left; gar, hand) of the Mongolian army. Its widest limit included Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan
f, The fifth symbol in the English alphabet occupies also the same position in Phoenician and in the other alphabets descended from Phoenician. As the Semitic alphabet did not represent vowels, E was originally an aspirate. Its earliest form, while writing is still from right to left, is A, the upright being continued some distance below the lowest of the cross-strokes. In some of the Greek alphabets it appears as with the upright prolonged at both top and bottom, but it soon took the form with which we are familiar, though in the earlier examples of this form the cross-strokes are not horizontal
In the earliest Greek inscriptions and always in Latin the symbol E represented both the short and the long e-sound. In Greek also it was often used for the close long sound which arose either by contraction of two short e-sounds or by the loss of a consonant, after a short e-sound, as in OtXEir, " you love," for OtXierE, and f aetvos, " bright ," out of an earlier 4,aeovbr. The Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, who had altogether lost the aspirate, were the first to use the symbol H for the long e-sound, and in official documents at Athens down to 403 B.C., when the Greek alphabet as still known was adopted by the state, E represented e, n and the sound arising by contraction or consonant loss as mentioned above which henceforth was written with two symbols, et., and being really a single sound is known as the " spurious diphthong." There were some minor distinctions in usage of the symbols E and H which need not here be given in detail. The ancient Greek name was et, not Epsilon as popularly supposed; the names of the Greek letters are given from Kallias, an earlier contemporary of Euripides, in Athenaeus x. p. 453 d.In Greek the short e-sound to which E was ultimately limited was a close sound inclining more towards i than a; hence the representation of the contraction of EE by EL. Its value in Latin was exactly the opposite, the Latin short e being open, and the long close. In English there has been a gradual narrowing of the long vowels, a becoming approximately ei and e becoming i (Sweet, History of English Sounds, 781, 817 if. 2nd ed.). In languages where the diphthong ai has become a monophthong, the resulting sound is some variety of long e. Often the gradual assimilation can be traced through the inter-mediate stage of ae to e, as in the Old Latin aedilis, which in classical Latin is aedilis, and in medieval MSS. edilis. The variety of spelling in English for the long and short e-sounds is conveniently illustrated in Miss Soames's Introduction to the Study of Phonetics, pp. 16 and 20. (P. GI.) EA (written by means of two signs signifying " house
accumulation of soil in the Euphrates valley, at some distance from the gulf. Eridu, meaning " the good city," was one of the oldest settlements in the Euphrates valley, and is now represented by the mounds known as Abu Shahrein. In the absence of excavations on that site, we are dependent for our knowledge of Ea on material found elsewhere. This is, however, sufficient to enable us to state definitely that Ea was a water-deity, and there is every reason to believe that the Persian Gulf was the body
body
house
worship . Whether Eridu at one time also played an important political role is not certain, though not improbable. At all events, the prominence of the Ea cult led, as in the case of Nippur, to the survival of Eridu as a sacred city, long after it had ceased to have any significance as a political centre. Myths in which Ea figures prominently have been found in Assur-bani-pal's library, indicating that Ea was regarded as the protector and teacher of mankind. He is essentially a god of civilization, and it was natural that he was also looked upon as the creator of man, and of the world in general. Traces of this view appear in the Marduk epic celebrating the achievements of this god, and the close connexion between the Ea cult at Eridu and that of Marduk also follows from two considerations: (I) that the name of Marduk's sanctuary at Babylon bears the same name, E-saggila, as that of Ea in Eridu, and (2) that Marduk is generally termed the son of Ea, who derives his powers from the voluntary abdication of the father in favour of his son. Accordingly, the incantations originally composed for the Ea cult were re-edited by the priests of Babylon and adapted to the worship of Marduk, and, similarly, the hymns to Marduk betray traces of the transfer of attributes to Marduk which originally belonged to Ea.It is, however, more particularly as the third figure in the triad, the two other members of which were Anu (q.v.) and Bel (q.v.), that Ea acquires his permanent place in the pantheon. To him was assigned the control of the watery element, and in this capacity he becomes the shay apsi, i.e. king of the Apsu or " the deep." The Apsu was figured as an ocean encircling the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as En-Ki, i.e. " lord of that which is below," in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the " above " or the heavens. The cult of Ea extended throughout Babylonia and Assyria. We find temples and shrines erected in his hoizour, e.g. at Nippur, Girsu, Ur, Babylon, Sippar and Nineveh, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike bear witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-Assyrian history. The consort of Ea, known as Damkina, " lady of that which is below," or Nin-Ki, having the same meaning, or Damgal-nunna, " great lady of the waters," represents a pale reflection of Ea and plays a part merely in association with her lord. (M. JA.)End of Article: DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or JTNGARIA If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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