DIX, DOROTHEA LYNDE (1802-1887)

This article appears in Volume V08, Page 346 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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DIX, DOROTHEA LYNDE (1802-1887) , American philanthropist, was born at Hampden, Maine, on the 4th of April 18o2.. Her parents were poor and shiftless, and at an early age she was taken into the

home

in Boston of her grandmother, Dorothea Lynde, wife of Dr Elijah Dix. Here she was reared in a distinctly Puritanical atmosphere. About 1821 she opened a school in Boston, which was patronized by the well-to-do families; and soon afterwards she also began teaching poor and neglected children at

home

. But her health broke down, and from 1824 to 183o she was chiefly occupied with the writing of books of devotion and stories for children. Her Conversations on Common Things (1824) had reached its sixtieth edition by 1869. In 1831 she established in Boston a model school for girls, and conductedthis successfully until 1836, when her health again failed. In 1841 she became interested in the condition of gaols and alms-houses, and spent two years in visiting every such institution in Massachusetts, investigating especially the treatment of the pauper insane. Her memorial to the state legislature dealing with the abuses she discovered resulted in more adequate provision being made for the care and treatment of the insane, and she then extended her

work

WORK

into many other states. By 1847 she had travelled from Nova Scotia to the Gulf of

Mexico

, and had visited 18 state penitentiaries, 300 county gaols and houses of correction, and over 500 almshouses. Her labours resulted in the

establishment

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement,
late
- LATE
Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

of insane asylums in twenty states and in Nova Scotia and

Newfoundland

NEWFOUNDLAND

, and in the founding of many additional gaols and almshouses conducted on a reformed plan. In 1853 she secured more adequate equipment for the life-saving service on Sable Island, then rightly called " the graveyard of ships." In 1854 she secured the passage by Congress of a bill granting to the states 12,250,000 acres of public lands, to be utilized for the benefit of the insane, deaf, dumb and blind; but the measure was vetoed by President Pierce. After this disappointment she went to England for rest, but at once became interested in the condition of the insane in

Scotland

, and her report to the home secretary opened the way for sweeping reforms. She extended her

work

WORK

into the Channel Islands, and then to France, Italy, Austria,

Greece

GREECE

, Turkey, Russia, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium and a part of Germany. Her influence over Arinori Mori, the Japanese charge d'affaires at Washington, led eventually to the

establishment

ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement,
late
- LATE
Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

of two asylums for. the insane in Japan. At the outbreak of the Civil War she offered her services to the Federal government and was appointed superintendent of women nurses. In this capacity she served throughout the war, without a day's furlough; and her labours on behalf of defectives were continued after the war. After a lingering illness of six years she died at Trenton, New

Jersey

JERSEY
JERSEY, EARLS OF

, on the 17th of July 1887.
See Francis Tiffany, Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix (Boston, 1892).

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