DICKINSON, JOHN (17321808)

This article appears in Volume V08, Page 184 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DEM-DIO

DICKINSON, JOHN (17321808) , American statesman and pamphleteer, was born in Talbot county,

Maryland

MARYLAND

, on the 8th of November 1732. He removed with his father to Kent county,

Delaware

DELAWARE

, in 1740, studied under private tutors, read law, and in 1753 entered the Middle Temple, London. Returning to America in 1757, he began the practice of law in Philadelphia, was speaker of the

Delaware

DELAWARE

assembly in 176o, and was a member of the

Pennsylvania

PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

assembly in 17621765 and again in 1770-1776.1 He represented

Pennsylvania

PENNSYLVANIA
PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

in the Stamp Act Congress (1765) and in the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776, when he was defeated owing to his opposition to the Declaration of Independence. He then retired to Delaware, served for a time as private and later as brigader-general in the state militia, and was again a member of the Continental Congress (from Delaware) in 1779-1780. He was president of the executive council, or

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

executive officer, of Delaware in 1781-1782, and of Pennsylvania in 1782-1785, and was a delegate from Delaware to the Annapolis convention of 1786 and the Federal Constitutional convention of 1787. Dickinson has aptly been called the "Penman of the Revolution." No other writer of the day presented arguments so numerous, so timely and so popular. He drafted the " Declaration of Rights " of the Stamp Act Congress, the " Petition to the King " and the " Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec " of the Congress of 1774, and the second " Petition to the King "2 and the " Articles of Confederation " of the second Congress. Most influential of all, however, were The Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania, written in 17671768 in condemnation of the Townshend Acts of 1767, in which he rejected speculative natural rights theories and appealed to the common sense of the people through simple legal arguments. By opposing the Declaration of Independence, he lost his popularity and was never able entirely to regain it. As the representative of a small state, he championed the principle of state equality in the constitutional convention, but was one of the first to advocate the compromise, which was finally adopted, providing for equal representation, in one

house

HOUSE
HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
Gothic
- GOTHIC
it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

and proportional representation in the other. He was probably influenced by Delaware prejudice against Pennsylvania when he drafted the clause which forbids the creation of a new state by the junction of two or more states or parts of states without the consent of the states concerned as well as of congress. After the adjournment of the convention he defended its

work

WORK

in a

series

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

of letters signed " Fabius," which will

bear

comparison with the best of the Federalist productions. It was largely through his influence that Delaware and Pennsylvania were the first two states to ratify the Constitution. Dickinson's interests were not exclusively political. He helped to found Dickinson College (named in his honour) at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1783, was the first president of its board of
1 Being under the same proprietor and the same

governor

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

, Pennsylvania and Delaware were so closely connected before the Revolution that there was an interchange of public men.
' The " Declaration of the United Colonies of North America . . setting forth the Causes and the Necessity of their Taking up Arms (often erroneously attributed to Thomas Jefferson).-DICKSON, J. R.
trustees, and was for many years its

chief

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

benefactor. He died on the 14th of February 18o8 and was buried in the Friends' burial ground in Wilmington, Del.
See C. J. Stille, Life and Times of John Dickinson, and P. L. Ford (editor), The Writings of John Dickinson, in vols. xiii. and xiv. respectively of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1891 and 1895).

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