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Encyclopedia Britannica



DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, Erpov, measure)

This article appears in Volume V08, Page 158 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DEM-DIO
DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, Erpov, measure) , in geometry, a line passing through the centre of a circle or conic
section
  and terminated by the curve; the "
principal
  diameters" of the ellipse and hyperbola coincide with the "axes" and are at
right angles;" conjugate diameters " are such that each bisects chords parallel to the other. The
diameter
  of a
quadric
  surface is a line at the extremities of which the tangent planes are parallel. Newton defined the
diameter
  of a curve of any order as the locus of the centres of the mean distances of the points of intersection of a
system
  of parallel chords with the curve; this locus may be shown to be a straight line. The word is also used as a unit of linear measurement of the magnifying power of a lens or microscope.
In architecture, the
term
  is used to express the measure of the
lower
 
part
  of the
shaft
  of a column. It is employed by Vitruvius (iii. 2) to determine the height of a column, which should vary from eight to ten diameters according to the intercolumniation: and it is generally the custom to fix the
lower
  diameter of the
shaft
  by the height required and the Order employed. Thus the diameter of the Roman Doric should be about one-eighth of the height, that of the Ionic one-ninth, and of the 'Corinthian one-tenth (see ORDER).


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