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Encyclopedia Britannica



DIALYSIS (from the Gr. &0., through, Anew, to loosen)

This article appears in Volume V08, Page 157 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DEM-DIO
DIALYSIS (from the Gr. &0., through, Anew, to loosen) , in
chemistry
 , a process invented by
Thomas
 
Graham
  for separating colloidal and crystalline substances. He found that solutions could be divided into two classes according to their action upon a porous diaphragm such as parchment. If a solution, say of
salt
 , be placed in a drum provided with a parchment bottom, termed a " dialyser," and the drum and its contents placed in a larger
vessel
  of water, the
salt
  will pass through the membrane. If the salt solution be replaced by one of glue, gelatin or gum, it will be found that the membrane is impermeable to these solutes. To the first class
Graham
  gave the name " crystalloids," and to the second " colloids." This method is particularly effective in the preparation of silicic acid. By adding hydrochloric acid to a dilute solution of an alkaline silicate, no precipitate will fall and the solution will contain hydrochloric acid, an alkaline chloride, and silicic acid. If the solution be transferred to a dialyser, the hydrochloric acid and alkaline chloride will pass through the parchment, while the silicic acid will be retained.


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