DESAULT, PIERRE JOSEPH (1744-1795)

This article appears in Volume V08, Page 79 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DEM-DIO

DESAULT, PIERRE JOSEPH (1744-1795) , French anatomist and surgeon, was born at Magny-Vernois (Haute Saone) on the 6th of February 1744. He was destined for the church, but his own inclination was towards the study of

medicine

MEDICINE

; and, after learning something from the barber-surgeon of his native

village

VILLAGE

, he was settled as an apprentice in the military

hospital

of Belfort, where he acquired some knowledge of anatomy and military surgery. Going to Paris when about twenty years of age, he opened a school of anatomy in the winter of 1766, the success of which excited the jealousy of the established teachers and professors, who endeavoured to make him give up his lectures. In 1776 he was admitted a member of the

corporation

CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a
body
- BODY
, corpus, corporis)

of surgeons; and in 1782 he was appointed surgeon-major to the

hospital

De la Charite. Within a few years he was recognized as one of the leading surgeons of France. The clinical school of surgery which he instituted at the Hotel Dieu attracted

great

GREAT

numbers of students, not only from every part of France but also from other countries; and he frequently had an

audience

AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

of about 600. He introduced many improvements into the practice of surgery, as well as into the construction of various surgical

instruments

INSTRUMENTS

. In 1791 he established a

Journal

JOURNAL
JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

de chirurgerie, edited by his pupils, which was a

record

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

of the most interesting cases that had occurred in his clinical school, with the remarks which he had made upon them in the course of his lectures. But in the midst of his labours he became obnoxious to some of the revolutionists, and he was, on some frivolous charge, denounced to the popular sections. After being twice examined, he was seized on the 28th of May 1793, while delivering a lecture, carried away from his theatre, and committed to prison in the Luxembourg. In three days, however, he was liberated, and permitted to resume his functions. He died in Paris on the 1st of June 1795, the story that his death was caused by poison being disproved by the autopsy carried out by his pupil, M. F. X. Bichat. A pension was settled on his widow by the republic. Together with Francois Chopart (17431795) he published Q. Traite des maladies chirurgicales (1779), and Bichat published a digest of his surgical doctrines in CEuvres chirurgicales de Desault (19981799).

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