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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: DAH-DEM |
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DELLA ROBBIA (q.v.) . From these two centres the development of architectural terra-cotta gradually spread over western Europe. The German school influenced the work done in the Low Countries and finally in England, where it also met the direct influence of the Italian school due to the invasion of England by Italian artists such as Torrigiano and others who were invited to England during the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. It is only in the eastern and southern counties of England that we find instances of the terracotta
House
terracotta
In the Collegiate Church at Wymondham in Norfolk there are very large and elaborate sedilia with canopied niches all of terra-cotta of the same period and apparently of the same manufacture. The unsettlement which followed the Reformation in England and continued during the Stuart period seems to have put an end to this imported art, and it is only in modern times that we find a revival of architectural terracotta work in England.France.Another offshoot from the fertile plains of northern Italy was implanted in France during the 16th century. Many sculptors from northern and central Italy were attracted to France by Francis I. and his successors, and, among other arts, they introduced the making of artistic terracottas. The most famous name in the lists of these Italian artists is that of Girolamo della Robbia (see article DELLA ROBBIA), who executed, in 1529, the enamelled terracotta for the decoration of the " Petit Chateau de Madrid " in the Bois de Boulogne, Paris, for Francis I.2 Many other Italian artists of lesser repute imported their arts into France, and the British Museum possesses an embossed tile bearing the head of St John the Baptist, encircled by a Gothic inscription, which was evidently made at Lyons during the 16th century. The very mould of this tile, together with other subjects of similar type, was excavated at Lyons and, while it is probable that the workmanship was Italian, the style of the modelling is entirely French in character. Spain.At about the same period the Italian modellers or sculptors carried the art into Spain, and many extraordinary works are still extant irr various Spanish churches remarkable for their vivid realism and for a too pictorial style which degrades them from their true rank as architectural decoration. During the 17th and 18th centuries the architectural use of terracotta again fell away owing to the increasing use of marble, but that the art still survived in other forms is shown by the portrait busts of Dwight (17th century), though they were made in stoneware and not in unglazed terracotta ; and the charming little statuettes and groups made in Lorraine and the adjacent parts of France by Guibal, Cyffle and Lemire, sculptors employed at some of the pottery factories of the period. It should be mentioned that during the 18th century ordinary clay had fallen into disrepute, but the porcelain
porcelain
ordinary terracotta (see CERAMICS ).Modern.During the last fifty years there has been throughout Europe a great revival in the manufacture of terracotta, both glazed and unglazed. We have in England, for example, some very important buildings, such as the Natural History Museum, the Albert ' The Victoria and Albert Museum has a splendid and representative collection of these Italian terracottas. 2 This last and most extensive of the works in terracotta executed by the Robbia family was destroyed during the French Revolution in 1792, but exact drawings of it are still in existence showing aP the necessary details. Hall
The effort of all terracotta makers during recent
Collections.The Louvre, British Museum, and the museums of Berlin and Athens have remarkably fine collections of the Greek and Roman terracottas, and many provincial museums, such as those of Florence, Perugia, Rome, Naples, Nimes and Arles, have also collections of importance. The best collections of Greek terra-cotta figures are in the British Museum, the Louvre and the museums of Berlin and Athens; but a large number of the finest Greek terracotta figures are in private collections. In the Victoria and Albert Museum there is a remarkable collection of fine Florentine terracottas of the best periods. cotten des k. Museums zu Berlin (1842); Combe, Terracottas in the British Museum (London, 181o); and Gerhard, Monumenti figulini di Sicilia (Berlin, 1835); A. Baumeister, Denkmdler des klassischen Altertums, 3 vols. (Munich and Leipzig
Hall
(W. B."; H. B. WA.) End of Article: DELLA ROBBIA (q.v.) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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