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Encyclopedia Britannica



CURIE, PIERRE (1859-1906)

This article appears in Volume V07, Page 644 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CRE-DAH
CURIE, PIERRE (1859-1906) , French physicist, was born in Paris on the 15th of May 1859, and was educated at the Sorbonne, where he subsequently became professor of physics. Although he had previously published meritorious researches on piezoelectricity, the magnetic properties of bodies at different temperatures, and other topics, he was chiefly known for his
work
  on radium carried out jointly with his wife, Marie Sklodowska, who was born at
Warsaw
  on the 7th of November 1867. After the discovery of the radioactive properties of uranium by Henri Becquerel in 1896, it was noticed that some minerals of uranium, such as
pitchblende
 , were more active than the
element
  itself, and this circumstance suggested that such minerals contained small quantities of some unknown substance or substances possessing radioactive properties in a very high degree. Acting on this surmise M. and Mme
Curie
  subjected a large amount of
pitchblende
  to a laborious process of fractionation, with the result that in 1898 they announced the existence in it of two highly radioactive substances, polonium and radium. In subsequent years they did much to elucidate the remarkable properties of these two substances, one of which, polonium, came to be regarded as one of the transformation-products of the other (see RADIOACTIVITY). In 1903 they were awarded the Davy
medal
  of the Royal Society in recognition of this
work
 , and in the same year the Nobel prize for physics was divided between them and Henri Becquerel. Professor
Curie
 , who was elected to the
Academy
  of Sciences in 1905, was run over by a dray and killed instantly in Paris on the 19th of
April
  1906.
His elder brother,
PAUL
 . JACQUES CURIE, born at Paris on the 29th of October 1856, published an elaborate memoir on the specific inductive capacities of crystalline bodies (Ann. Chim. Phys. 1889, 17 and 18).


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