CRITOLAUS

This article appears in Volume V07, Page 471 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CRE-DAH

CRITOLAUS , Greek philosopher, was born at Phaselis in the 2nd century B.C. He lived to the age of eighty-two and died probably before III B.C. He studied philosophy under Aristo of Ceos and became one of the leaders of the Peripatetic school by his eminence as an orator, a scholar and a moralist. There has been considerable discussion as to whether he was the immediate successor of Aristo, but the evidence is confused and unprofitable. In general he was a loyal adherent to the Peripatetic succession (cf. Cicero, De fin. v. 5 " C. imitari antiquos voluit"), though in some respects he went beyond his predecessors. For example, he held that pleasure is an evil (Gellius, Noctes Atticae, ix. 5. 6), and definitely maintained that the soul consists of

aether

AETHER, or ETHER (Gr. deli p, probably from caeca, I burn, though Plato in his Cratylus (410 B)

. The end of existence was to him the general perfection of the natural life, including the goods of the soul and the

body

BODY

, and also external goods. Cicero says in the Tusculans that the goods of the soul entirely outweighed for him the other goods (" tantum propendere illam bonorum animi lancem "). Further, he defended against the Stoics the Peripatetic

doctrine

DOCTRINE

of the eternity of the world and the indestructibility of the human race. There is no observed

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. 冠 urmu', to bend)

in the natural order of things; mankind re-creates itself in the same manner according to the capacity given by Nature, and the various ills to which it is

heir

HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a
house
- HOUSE
- HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in
  Gothic
  - GOTHIC
  it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)
, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

, though fatal to individuals, do not avail to modify the whole. Just as it is absurd to suppose that man is merely earth-born, so the possibility of his ultimate destruction is inconceivable. The world, as the manifestation of eternal order, must itself be immortal. The life of Critolaus is not recorded. One incident alone is preserved. From Cicero (Acad. ii. 45) it appears that he was sent with Carneades and

Diogenes

DIOGENES

to Rome in 156155 B.C. to protest against the fine of 500 talents imposed on Athens in

punishment

PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

for the sack of Oropus. The three ambassadors lectured on philosophy in Rome with so much success that Cato was alarmed and had them dismissed the city. Gellius describes his arguments as scita et teretia.
Consult the article PERIPATETICS, and histories of ancient

philo

PHILO
PHILO, HERENNIUS

sophy, e.g. Zeller.

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