COYSEVOX,

This article appears in Volume V07, Page 358 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: COR-CRE

COYSEVOX, ,CHARLES ANTOINE (164o-1720), French sculptor, was born at Lyons on the 29th of September 164o, and belonged to a family which had emigrated from Spain. The name should be pronounced Coezevo. He was only seventeen when he produced a statue of the Madonna of considerable merit; and having studied under Lerambert and trained himself by taking copies in marble from the Greek masterpieces (among others from the Venus de Medici and the Castor and Pollux), he was engaged by the bishop of Strassburg, Cardinal

Furstenberg

FURSTENBERG

, to adorn with statuary his chateau at Saverne (Zabern). In 1666 he married Marguerite Quillerier, Lerambert's niece, who died a year after the

marriage

MARRIAGE

. In 1671, after four years spent on Saverne, which was subsequently destroyed by fire in 178o, he returned to Paris. In 1676 his bust of the painter Le Brun obtained admission for him to the Academie Royale. A year later he married Claude Bourdict.
In consequence of the influence exercised by Le Brun between the years 1677 and 1685, he was employed by Louis XIV. in producing much of the decoration and a large number of statues for

Versailles

VERSAILLES

; and he afterwards worked, between 1701 and 1709, with no less facility and success, for the palace at Marly, subsequently destroyed in the Revolution.
Among his works are the " Mercury and Fame," first at Marly and afterwards in the gardens of the Tuileries; "Neptune and Amphitrite," in the gardens at Marly; " Justice and Force," at

Versailles

VERSAILLES

; and statues, in which the likenesses are said to have been remarkably successful, of most of the celebrated men of his age, including Louis XIV. and Louis XV. at Versailles, Colbert (at Saint-Eustache), Mazarin (in the church des Quatre-Nations),

Conde

the Great (in the Louvre), Maria Theresa of Austria,

Turenne

TURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR

, Vauban, Cardinals de Bouillon and de Polignac,

Fenelon

FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

, Racine, Bossuet (in the Louvre), the comte d'Harcourt, Cardinal

Furstenberg

FURSTENBERG

and Charles Le Brun (in the Louvre).

Coysevox

COYSEVOX,

died in Paris on the loth of October 1720.
Besides the works given above he carved about a dozen memorials, including those to Colbert (at Saint-Eustache), to Cardinal Mazarin( in the Louvre), and to the painter Le Brun (in the church of Saint Nicholas-du-Chardon).
Among the pupils of

Coysevox

COYSEVOX,

were Nicolas and Guillaume Coustou.
See Henry Jouin, A. Coysevox, sa vie, son oeuvre (1883) ; Jean du Seigneur, Revue universelle des arts, vol. i. (1855), pp. 32 et seq. CRAB (Ger. Krabbe, Krebs), a name applied to the Crustacea of the order Brachyura, and to other forms, especially of the order Anomura, which resemble them more or less closely in appearance and habits.
The Brachyura, or true crabs, are distinguished from the long-tailed lobsters and shrimps which form the order Macrura, by the fact that the abdomen or tail is of small size and is carried folded up under the

body

BODY

. In most of them the

body

BODY

is transversely oval or triangular in outline and more or less flattened, and is covered by a hard shell, the carapace. There are five pairs of legs. The first pair end in nippers or chelae and are usually much more massive than the others which are used in walking or swimming. The eyes are set on movable stalks and can be withdrawn into sockets in the front part of the carapace. There are six pairs of jaws and foot-jaws (maxillipedes) enclosed within a " buccal cavern," the opening of which is covered by the
carrying a mass of eggs beneath it ; e, eggs.
broad and flattened third pair of foot-jaws. The abdomen is usually narrow and triangular in the males, but in the females it is broad and rounded and bears appendages to which the eggs are attached after spawning (fig. I).
As in most Crustacea, the

young

of nearly all crabs, when
newly hatched, are very different from their parents. The first
larval stage is known
as a Zoea, this name
having been given to it
when it was believed
by naturalists to be
a distinct and inde-
pendent species of
animal. The Zoea is
a minute transparent
organism, swimming
at the surface of the
sea. It has a rounded
body, armed with
long spines, and a long
segmented tail. The
eyes are large but not
set on stalks, the legs
are not yet developed,
and the foot-jaws form
swimming paddles.
After casting its skin
several times as it
grows in size, the

young

crab passes into
a stage known as the
Megalopa (fig. 2), also
formerly regarded as
an independent animal, in which the body and limbs are more
crab-like, but the abdomen is large and not filled up. After a
further moult the animal assumes a form very similar to that of the adult. There are a few crabs, living on land or in fresh water, which do not pass through a metamorphosis but leave the egg as miniature adults.
Most crabs live in the sea, and even the land-crabs, which are abundant in tropical countries, nearly all visit the sea occasionally and pass through their early stages in it. Many shore-crabs living between tide-marks are more or less amphibious, and the river-crab of southern Europe or Lenten crab (Potamon edule, better known as Thelphusa fluviatilis) is an example of the fresh-water crabs which are abundant in most of the warmer regions of the world. As a rule, crabs breathe by gills, which are lodged in a pair of cavities at the sides of the carapace, but in the true land-crabs the cavities become enlarged and modified so as to act as lungs for breathing air.
Walking or crawling is the usual mode of locomotion, and the peculiar sidelong gait familiar to most people in the common shore-crab, is characteristic of most members of the group. The crabs of the family Portunidae, and some others, swim with great dexterity by means of their flattened paddle-shaped feet.
Like many other Crustacea, crabs are often omnivorous and act as the scavengers of the sea, but many are predatory in their habits and some are content with a vegetable diet.
Though no crab, perhaps, is truly parasitic, some live in relations of " commensalism " with other animals. The best known examples of this are the little " mussel-crabs " (Pinnotheridae) which live within the shells of mussels and other bivalve mollusca and probably share the food of their hosts. Some crabs live among corals, and one species at least gives rise to hollow swellings on the branches of a coral like the " galls" which are formed on plants by certain insects. Another crab (Melia tesselata) carries in each of its claws a living sea-anemone which it uses as an animated weapon of defence and an implement for the capture of prey. Many of the sluggish spider-crabs (Maiidae) have their shells covered by a forest of growing sea-weeds, zoophytes and sponges, which are " planted " there by the crab itself, and which afford it a very effective disguise.
Many of the larger crabs are sought for as food by man. The most important and valuable are the edible crab of British and European coasts (Cancer pagurus) and the blue crab of the Atlantic coast of the United States (Callinectes sapidus).
Among the Anomura, the best known are the hermit-crabs, which live in the empty shells of Gasteropod Mollusca, which they carry about 'with them as portable dwellings. In these, the abdomen is soft-skinned and spirally twisted so as to fit into the shells which they inhabit. The common hermit-crab of the British coasts (Pagurus or Eupagurus Bernhardus) is sometimes called the soldier-crab from its pugnacity. Small specimens are found between tide-marks inhabiting the shells of periwinkles and other small molluscs, but the full-grown specimens live in deeper water and are usually found in the shell of the whelk (Buccinum). As the crab grows it changes its dwelling from time to time, often having to fight with its fellows for the possession of an empty shell. Sometimes an annelid worm lives inside the shell along with the hermit and often the outside is covered with zoophytes. In some species, as in the British Eupagurus prideauxi, a sea-anemone is constantly found attached to the shell, profiting by the active locomotion of the crab and probably sharing the crumbs of its food, while it affords its host protection by its stinging powers.
In tropical countries the hermit-crabs of the family Coenobitidae live on land, often at considerable distances from the sea, to which, however, they return for the purpose of hatching out their spawn. The large robber-crab or cocoa-nut crab of the Indo-Pacific islands (Birgus latro), which belongs to this family, has given up the habit of carrying a portable dwelling, and the upper surface of its abdomen has become covered by shelly plates. The stories of its climbing palm-trees to get the fruit were long doubted, but it has been seen, and even photo-graphed in the act. (W. T. CA.)
Fm. 2.-Zoea of Common Shore-Crab in its second stage. r, Rostral spine; s, Dorsal spine; m, Maxillipeds; t, Buds of thoracic feet; a, Abdomen. (Spence Bate.)

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