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Encyclopedia Britannica



COULOMB, CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1736-1806)

This article appears in Volume V07, Page 308 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: COR-CRE
COULOMB, CHARLES AUGUSTIN (1736-1806) , French natural philosopher, was born at
Angouleme
  on the 14th of June 1736. He
chose
  the profession of military engineer, spent three years, to the decided injury of his health, at Fort Bourbon, Martinique, and was employed on his return at Rochelle, the Isle of Aix and
Cherbourg
 . In 1781 he was stationed permanently at Paris, but on the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 he resigned his appointment as intendant des eaux et fontaines, and retired to a small estate which he possessed at Blois. He was recalled to Paris for a time in order to take part in the new determination of weights and
measures
 , which had been decreed by the Revolutionary government. Of the National Institute he was one of the first members; and he was appointed inspector of public instruction in 1802. But his health was already very feeble, and four years later he died at Paris on the 23rd of August 18o6. Coulomb is distinguished in the history alike of
mechanics
  and of electricity and magnetism. In 1779 he published an important investigation of the
laws
  of friction (Theorie des machines simples, en ayant regard an frottement de leurs parties et a la roideur des cordages) , which was followed twenty years later by a memoir on fluid resistance. In 1785 appeared his Recherches theoriques et experimentales sur la force de torsion et sur l'elasticitedes fils de metal, &c. This memoir contained a description of different forms of his torsion
balance
 , an
instrument
  used by him with
great
  success for the experimental investigation of the distribution of electricity on surfaces and of the
laws
  of electrical and magnetic action, of the mathematical theory of which he may also be regarded as the founder. The
practical
  unit of quantity of electricity, the coulomb, is named after him.


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