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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: COM-COR |
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COON Hz NH2 NH, NH2 ()NH2 which exist between aliphatic and benzenoid compounds make the transformations of one class into the other especially interesting. In the first place we may notice a tendency of several aliphatic compounds, e.g. methane, tetrachlormethane, &c., to yield aromatic compounds when subjected to a high temperature, the so-called pyrogenetic reactions (from Greek Trip, fire, and yevvbm, I produce) ; the predominance of benzenoid, and related compoundsnaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, &c.in coal-tar is probably to be associated with similar pyrocondensations. Long-continued treatment with halogens may, in some cases, result in the formation of aromatic compounds; thus perchlorbenzene, C6CI6, frequently appears as a product of exhaustive chlorination, while hexyl iodide, C6H13I, yields perchlor- and perbrom-benzene quite readily. The trimolecular polymerization of numerous acetylene compoundssubstances containing two trebly linked carbon atoms, C : C , to form derivatives of benzene is of considerable interest
diphenyl
ordinary temperatures by leading the gas over pyrophoric iron, nickel, cobalt, or spongy platinum (P. Sabatier and J. B. Senderens). The homologues of acetylene condense more readily; thus allylene, CH i CCH3, and crotonylene, CH3C i CCH3, yield trimethyl- and hexamethyl-benzene under the influence of sulphuric acid. Toluene or mono-methylbenzene results from the pyrocondensation of a mixture of acetylene and allylene. Substituted acetylenes also exhibit this form of condensation; for instance, bromacetylene, BrC i CH, is readily converted into tribrombenzene, while propiolic acid, HC: CCOOH, under the influence of sunlight, gives benzene tricarboxylic acid.A larger and more important series of condensations may be grouped together as resulting from the elimination of the elements of water between carbonyl (CO) and methylene (CH2) groups. A historic example is that of the condensation of three molecules of acetone
acetone
21, p. 1411), and acetylpropionyl, CH3COCOC2H5, yields duroquinone, or tetramethylquinone, C6(CH3)402, Oxymethylene compounds, characterized by the grouping >C:CH(OH), also give benzene derivatives by hydrolytic condensation between three molecules; thus oxymethylene acetone, or formyl acetone, CHa CO CH :CH (OH), formed by acting on formic ester with acetone in the presence of sodium ethylate, readily yields [1.3.5]-triacetylbenzene, C6H3(COCH3)a; oxymethylene acetic ester or formyl acetic ester or #-oxyacrylic ester, (HO)CH:CHCO2C2H6, formed by condensing acetic ester with formic ester, and also its dimolecular condensation product, coumalic acid, readily yields esters of [1.3.5]-benzene tricarboxylic acid or trimesic acid (see Ber., 1887, 20, P. 2930). In 189o, O. Doebner (Ber. 23, p. 2377) investigated the condensation of pyroracemic acid, CH3CO000H, with various aliphatic aldehydes, and obtained from two molecules of the acid and one of the aldehyde in the presence of baryta water alkylic isophthalic acids: with acetaldehyde [I.3.5]-methylisophthalic acid or uvitic acid, C6H3CH3(000H)2, was obtained, with propionic aldehyde [1.3.51-ethylisophthalic acid, and with butyric aldehyde the corresponding propylisophthalic acid. We may here mention the synthesis of oxyuvitic ester (5-methyl-4-oxy-1-3-benzene dicarboxylic ester) by the condensation of two molecules of sodium acetoacetic ester with one of chloroform (Ann., 1883, 222, p. 249). Of other syntheses of true benzene derivatives, mention may be made of the formation of orcinol or [3.5]-dioxytoluene from dehydracetic acid; and the formation of esters of oxytoluic acid (5-methyl-3-oxy-benzoic acid), C6H3CH3.OH000H,when acetoneoxalic ester, CH3COCH2COCOCO2C2H5, is boiled with baryta (Ber., 1889,01 22, p. 3271). Of interest
By passing carbon monoxide over heated potassium J. von Liebig
discovered, in 1834, an interesting aromatic compound, potassium carbon monoxide or potassium hexaoxybenzene, the nature of which was satisfactorily cleared up by R. Nietzki and T. Benckiser (Ber. 18, p. 499) in 1885, who showed that it yielded hexaoxybenzene, C6(OH)6, when acted upon with dilute hydrochloric acid; further investigation of this compound brought to light a consider-able number of highly interesting derivatives (see QUINONES). Another hexa-substituted benzene compound capable of direct synthesis is mellitic acid or benzene carboxylic acid, C6(COOH)6. This substance, first obtained from the mineral
mined
Hitherto we have generally restricted ourselves to syntheses which result in the production of a true benzene ring; but there are many reactions by which reduced benzene rings are synthesized, and from the compounds so obtained true benzenoid compounds may be prepared. Of such syntheses we may notice : the condensation of sodium malonic ester to phloroglucin tricarboxylic ester, a substance which gives phloroglucin or trioxybenzene when fused with alkalis, and behaves both as a triketohexamethylene tricarboxylic ester and as a trioxybenzene tricarboxylic ester; the condensation of succinic ester, (CH2CO2C2H5)2, under the influence of sodium to succinosuccinic ester, a diketohexamethylene di-carboxylic ester, which readily yields dioxyterephthalic acid and hydroquinone (F. Herrmann, Ann., 1882, 2I1, p. 306; also see below, Configuration of the Benzene Complex) ; the condensation of acetone dicarboxylic ester with malonic ester to form triketohexamethylene dicarboxylic ester (E. Rimini, Gazz. Chem., 1896, 26, (2), p. 374) ; the condensation of acetone-di-propionic acid under the influence of boiling water to a diketohexamethylene propionic acid (von Pechmann and Sidgwick, Ber., 1904, 37, p. 3816). Many diketo compounds suffer condensation between two molecules to form hydrobenzene derivatives; thus a,y-di-acetoglutaric ester, C2H602C(CH3CO)CHCH2CH(COCH3)CO2C2H5, yields a methylketohexamethylene,whiley-acetobutyric ester, CH3CO(CH2)2CO2C2H6, is converted into dihydroresorcinol or m-diketohexamethylene by sodium ethylate; this last reaction is reversed by baryta (see De-compositions of Benzene Ring). For other syntheses of hexamethylene derivatives, see POLYMETHYLENES. Decompositions of the Benzene Ring.We have previously alluded to the relative stability of the benzene complex; consequently reactions which lead to its disruption are all the more interesting, and have engaged the attention of many chemists. If we accept Kekule's formula
double
Strong oxidation breaks the benzene complex into such compounds as carbon dioxide, oxalic acid, formic acid, &c. ; such decompositions are of little interest. More important are Kekule's Simple observations that nitrous acid oxidizes pyrocatechol or oxidation. [1.2]-dioxybenzene, and protocatechuic acid or [3.4]-dioxybenzoic acid to dioxytartaric acid, (C(OH)2.COOH)2 (Ann., 1883, 221, p. 230) ; and 0. Doebner's preparation of mesotartaric acid, the internally compensated tartaric acid, (CH(OH).COOH)2, by oxidizing phenol with dilute potassium permanganate (Ber., 1891, 24, P. 1753) For many years it had been known that a mixture of potassium chlorate and hydrochloric or sulphuric acids possessed strong oxidizing powers. L. Carius showed that potassium Chiorinachlorate and sulphuric acid oxidized benzene to trichlor- tion and phenomalic acid, a substance afterwards investigated by oxidation. Kekule and 0. Strecker (Ann., 1884, 223, p. 170), and shown to be 13-trichloracetoacrylic acid, CC13COCH:CH000H. which with baryta gave chloroform and maleic acid. Potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid oxidize phenol, salicylic acid (o-oxybenzoic acid), and gallic acid ([2.3.41 trioxybenzoic acid) to trichlorpyroracemic acid (isotrichlorglyceric acid), CC13C(OH)2CO2H, a substance also obtained from trichloracetonitrile, CCI3COCN,.b hydrolysis. We may also notice the conversion of picric acid. [2.4.61-trinitrophenol) into chloropicrin, CC13NO2, by bleaching lime (calcium hypochlorite), and into bromopicrin, CBr3NO2, by bromine water. The action of chlorine upon di- and tri-oxybenzenes has been carefully investigated by Th. Zincke; and his researches have led to the discovery of many chlorinated oxidation products which admit of decomposition into cyclic compounds containing fewer carbon atoms than characterize the benzene ring, and in turn yielding open-chain or aliphatic compounds. In general, the rupture occurs between a keto group (CO) and a keto-chloride group (CC12), into which two adjacent carbon atoms of the ring are converted by the oxidizing and substituting action of chlorine. Decompositions of this nature were first discovered in the naphthalene series , where it was found that derivatives of indene (and of hydrindene and indone) and also of benzene resulted; Zincke then extended his methods to the disintegration of the oxybenzenes and obtained analogous results, R-pentene and aliphatic derivatives being formed (R-symbolizing a ringed nucleus).When treated with chlorine, pyrocatechol (1.2 or ortho-dioxybenzene) (i) yields a tetrachlor ortho-quinone, which suffers further chlorination to hexachlor-o-diketo-R-hexene (2). This substance is transformed into hexachlor-R-pentene oxycarboxylic acid (3) when digested with water; and chromic acid oxidizes this substance to hexachlor-R-pentene (4). The ring of this compound is ruptured by caustic soda with the formation of perchlorvinyl acrylic acid (5), which gives on reduction ethidine propionic acid (6), a compound containing five of the carbon atoms originally in the benzene ring (see Zincke, Ber., 1894, 27, p. 3364) (the carbon atoms are omitted in some of the formulae). CI CI ct co ,CH2 End of Article: COON If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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