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Encyclopedia Britannica



COMPRESSION

This article appears in Volume V06, Page 813 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: COM-COR
COMPRESSION , in astronomy, the deviation of a heavenly
body
  from the spherical form, called also the " ellipticity." It is numerically expressed by the ratio of the differences of the axes to the major
axis
  of the spheroid. The compression or " flattening " of the earth is about 1/298, which means that the ratio of the equatorial to the polar
axis
  is 298:297 (see EARTH, FIGURE OF THE). In engineering the
term
  is applied to the arrangement by which the exhaust valve of a steam-
engine
  is made to close, shutting a portion of the exhaust steam in the cylinder, before the stroke of the piston is quite complete. This steam being compressed as the stroke is completed, a cushion is formed against which the piston does
work
  while its velocity is being rapidly reduced, and thus the stresses in the mechanism due to the inertia of the reciprocating parts are lessened. This compression, moreover, obviates the
shock
  which would otherwise be caused by the admission of the fresh steam for the return stroke. In internal
combustion
  engines it is a necessary
condition
  of
economy
  to compress the explosive mixture before it is ignited: in the Otto cycle, for instance, the second stroke of the piston effects the compression of the charge which has been
drawn
  into the cylinder by the first forward stroke.


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