COMBES, [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE (1835 )

This article appears in Volume V06, Page 752 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CLI-COM

COMBES, [JUSTIN LOUIS] SMILE (1835 ) , French states-man, was born at Roquecourbe in the department of the

Tarn

TARN
TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

. He studied for the priesthood, but abandoned the

idea

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

before ordination, and took the diploma of

doctor

DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

of letters ,1860),
Then he studied

medicine

MEDICINE

, taking his degree in 1867, and setting up in practice at Pons in

Charente

CHARENTE

-Inferieure. In 1881 he presented himself as a political candidate for

Saintes

SAINTES

, but was defeated. In 1885 he was elected to the senate by the department of

Charente

CHARENTE

-Inferieure. He sat in the Democratic left, and was elected vice-president in 1893 and 1894. The reports which he drew up upon educational questions drew attention to him, and on the 3rd of November 1895 he entered the

Bourgeois

BOURGEOIS
BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

cabinet as minister of public instruction, resigning with his colleagues on the 21st of April following. He actively supported the Waldeck-Rousseau ministry, and upon its retirement in 1903 he was himself charged with the formation of a cabinet. In this he took the

portfolio

PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

of the Interior, and the main energy of the government was devoted to the struggle with clericalism. The parties of the Left in the chamber, united upon this question in the Bloc republicain, supported Combes in his application of the law of 1901 on the religious associations, and voted the new bill on the congregations (1904), and under his guidance France took the first definite steps toward the separation of

church

and state. He was opposed with extreme violence by all the Conservative parties, who regarded the secularization of the schools as a persecution of religion. But his stubborn enforcement of the law won him the applause of the people, who called him familiarly le petit pere. Finally the defection of the Radical and Socialist groups induced him to resign on the 17th of January 1905, although he had not met an adverse vote in the Chamber. His policy was still carried on; and when the law of the separation of

church

and state was passed, all the leaders of the Radical parties entertained him at a noteworthy banquet in which they openly recognized him as the real originator of the

movement

MOVEMENT

.

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