COCKPIT

This article appears in Volume V06, Page 628 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CLI-COM

COCKPIT , the term originally for an enclosed place in which the sport of cock-fighting (q.v.) was carried on. On the site of an old cockpit opposite Whitehall in London was a

block

of buildings used from the 17th century as offices by the treasury and the privy council, for which the old name survived till the early 19th century. The name was given also to a theatre in London, built in the early part of the 17th century on the site of Drury Lane theatre. As the place where the wounded in battle were tended, or where the junior officers consorted, the term was also formerly applied to a cabin used for these purposes on the lower deck of a man-of-war.
COCKROACH'. (Blattidae), a family of orthopterous insects, distinguished by their flattened bodies, long

thread

THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

-like antennae, and shining leathery integuments., Cockroaches are nocturnal creatures, secreting themselves in chinks and crevices about houses, issuing from their retreats when the lights are extinguished, and moving about with extraordinary rapidity in search of food. They are voracious and omnivorous, devouring, or at least damaging, whatever comes in their way, for all the species emit a disagreeable odour, which they communicate to whatever article of food or clothing they may

touch

TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

.
The common cockroach (Stilopyga orientalis) is not indigenous to Europe, but is believed to have been introduced from the Levant in the cargoes of trading vessels. The wings in the male are shorter than the

body

BODY

; in the female they are rudimentary. The eggs, which are 16 in number, are deposited in a leathery capsule fixed by a gum-like substance to the abdomen of the female, and thus carried about till the young are ready to escape, when the capsule becomes softened by the emission of a fluid substance. The larvae are perfectly white at first and wingless, although in other respects not unlike their parents, but they are not mature insects until after the

sixth

SIXTH

casting of the skin.
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is larger than the former, and is not uncommon in European. seaports trading with America, being conveyed in cargoes of grain and other food produce. It is very abundant in the Zoological Gardens in London, where it occurs in conjunction with a much smaller imported species Phyllodromia germanica, which may also be seen in some of the cheaper restaurants.
In both of these species the females, as well as the males, are winged.
In addition to these noxious and obtrusive forms, England has a few indigenous species belonging to the genus Eclobia, which live under stones or fallen trees in fields and woods. The largest known species is the drummer of the West Indies (Blabera gigantea), so called from the tapping noise it makes on

wood

, sufficient, when joined in by several individuals, as usually happens, to break the slumbers of a household. It is about 2 in. long, with wings 3 in. in expanse, and forms one of the most noisome and injurious of

insect

INSECT

pests. Wingless females of many tropical species present a close superficial resemblance to woodlice; and one interesting apterous form known as Pseudoglomeris, from the East Indies, is able to roll up like a millipede.
The best mode of destroying cockroaches is, when the fire and
The word is a corruption of Sp. cucaracha. In America it is commonly abbreviated to "

roach

ROACH (Leuciscus rulilus)

."lights are extinguished at night, to lay some treacle on a piece of

wood

afloat on a broad basin of water. This proves a temptation to the vermin too great to be resisted. The chinks and holes from which they issue should also be filled up with unslaked lime, or painted with a mixture of borax and heated turpentine.
See generally Miall and Denny, The Structure and Life History of the Cockroach (1887); G. H. Carpenter, Insects: their Structure and Life (1899) ; Charles Lester Marlatt, Household Insects (U.S. Department of Agriculture, revised edition, 1902) ; Leland Ossian Howard, The

Insect

INSECT

Book (1902).
COCK'S-COMB, in botany, a cultivated form of Celosia cristata (natural order Amarantaceae), in which the inflorescence is monstrous, forming a flat " fasciated " axis bearing numerous small

flowers

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

. The plant is a low-growing herbaceous annual, bearing a large, comb-like, dark red, scarlet or purplish mass of

flowers

FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

. Seeds are sown in March or April in pans of rich, well-drained sandy soil, which are placed in a hot-bed at 65 to 70 in a moist atmosphere. The seedlings require plenty of light, and when large enough to handle are potted off and placed close to the glass in a

frame

FRAME

under similar conditions. When the heads show they are shifted into 5-in. pots, which are plunged to their rims in ashes or coco-nut fibre refuse, in a hot-bed, as before, close to the glass; they are sparingly watered and more air admitted. The soil recommended is a half-rich sandy loam and half-rotten cow and stable manure mixed with a dash of silver sand. The other species of Celosia cultivated are C. pyramidalis, with a pyramidal inflorescence, varying in colour in the great number of varieties, and C. argentea, with a dense white in-florescence. They require a similar cultural treatment to that given for C. cristata.

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