CLAUSEL (more correctly CLAUZEL), BERTRAND, COUNT (17721842)

This article appears in Volume V06, Page 467 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

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CLAUSEL (more correctly CLAUZEL), BERTRAND, COUNT (17721842) , marshal of France, was born at Mirepoix (Ariege) on the 12th of December 1772, and served in the first campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars as one of the volunteers of 1791. In June 1795, having distinguished himself repeatedly in the war on the northern frontier (17921793) and the fighting in the eastern Pyrenees (17931794), Clausel was made a general of brigade. In this rank he served in Italy in 1798 and 1799, and in the disastrous campaign of the latter year he won great distinction at the battles of the Trebbia and of Novi. In 18o2 he served in the expedition to S. Domingo. He became a general of division in December 1802, and after his return to France he was in almost continuous military employment there until in 18o6 he was sent to the army of Naples. Soon after this

Napoleon

NAPOLEON

made him a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. In 18081809 he was with Marmont in Dalmatia, and at the close of 1809 he was appointed to a command in the army of Portugal under Massena.
Clausel took part in the Peninsular campaigns of 18 to and 1811, including the Torres Vedras campaign, and under Marmont he did excellent service in re-establishing the discipline, efficiency and mobility of the army, which had suffered severely in the

retreat

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

from Torres Vedras. In the Salamanca campaign (1812) the result of Clausel's

work

WORK

was shown in the marching powers
of the French, and at the battle of Salamanca, Clausel, who had succeeded to the command on Marmont being wounded, and had himself received a severe wound, drew off his army with the greatest skill, the

retreat

RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

on Burgos being conducted by him in such a way that the pursuers failed to make the slightest impression, and had themselves in the end to retire from the siege of Burgos (1812). Early in 1813 Clausel was made

commander

COMMANDER

of the Army of the North in Spain, but he was unable to avert the great disaster of

Vittoria

VITTORIA

. Under the supreme command of Soult he served through the rest of the Peninsular War with unvarying distinction. On the first restoration in 1814 he submitted unwillingly to the Bourbons, and when

Napoleon

NAPOLEON

returned to France, he hastened to join him. During the Hundred Days he was in command of an army defending the Pyrenean frontier. Even after Waterloo he long refused to recognize the restored government, and he escaped to America, being condemned to death in absence. He took the first opportunity of returning to aid the Liberals in France (1820), sat in the chamber of deputies from 1827 to 1830, and after the revolution of 183o was at once given a military command. At the head of the army of Algiers, Clausel made a successful campaign, but he was soon recalled by the home government, which desired to avoid complications in Algeria. At the same time he was made a marshal of France (February 1831). For some four years thereafter he urged his Algerian policy upon the chamber of deputies, and finally in 1835 was reappointed

commander

COMMANDER

-inchief. But after several victories, including the taking of

Mascara

MASCARA

in 1835, the marshal met with a severe repulse at Constantine in 1836. A

change

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

of government in France was primarily responsible for the failure, but public

opinion

OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

attributed it to Clausel, who was recalled in February 1837. He thereupon retired from active service, and, after vigorously defending his conduct before the deputies, he ceased to take part in public affairs. He lived in complete retirement up to his death at Secourrieu (Garonne) on the 21st of April 1842.

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