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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CHR-CLI |
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CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor) , a logical process, common to all the special
movement
movement
celestial
Of the systems of classification adopted in physical science, only one requires treatment here, namely, the classification of Latin pronunciation. the sciences as a whole, a problem which has from the time of Aristotle attracted considerable attention. Its object is to delimit the spheres of influence of the positive sciences and show how they are mutually related. Of such attempts three are specially noteworthy, those of Francis Bacon, Auguste Comte and Herbert
Spencer
Bacon's classification is based on the subjective criterion of the various faculties which are specially concerned. He thus distinguished History (natural, civil, literary, ecclesiastical) as the province of memory, Philosophy (including Theology) as that of reason, and Poetry, Fables and the like, as that of imagination. This classification was made the basis of the Encyclopedie. Comte adopted an entirely different system based on an objective criterion. Having first enunciated the theory that all science passes through three stages, theological, meta-physical and positive, he neglects the two first, and divides the last according to the " things to be classified," in view of their real affinity and natural connexions, into six, in order of decreasing generality and increasing complexitymathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, physiology and biology (including psychology), and sociology. This he conceives to be not only the logical, but also the historical, order of development, from the abstract and purely deductive to the concrete and inductive). Sociology is thus the highest, most complex, and. most positive of the sciences. Herbert Spencer
Beside the above three systems several others deserve brief mention. In Greece at the dawn of systematic thought the physical sciences were few in number; none the less philosophers were not agreed as to their true relation. The Platonic school adopted a triple classification, physics, ethics and dialectics; Aristotle's system was more complicated, nor do we know precisely how he subdivided his three main classes, theoretical, practical and poetical (i.e. technical, having to do with irotl7Qis, creative). The second class covered ethics and politics, the latter of which was often regarded by Aristotle as including ethics; the third includes the useful and the imitative sciences; the first includes metaphysics and physics. As regards pure logic Aristotle sometimes seems to include it with metaphysics and physics, sometimes to regard it as ancillary to all the sciences. Thomas Hobbes ( Leviathan
dichotomy into " Naturall Philosophy " (" consequences from the accidents of bodies naturall ") and " Politiques and Civill Philosophy " (" consequences from accidents of Politique bodies "). The former by successive subdivisions is reduced to eighteen special
Jeremy
dichotomy , and beginning from the distinction of mind and body
body
JEREMY
Carl Wundt criticized most of these systems as taking too little account of the real facts, and preferred a classification based on the standpoint of the various sciences towards their subject-matter. His system may, therefore, be described as conceptional. It distinguishes philosophy, which deals with facts in their widest-CLAUDE, J. universal relations, from the special sciences, which consider facts in the light of a particular relation or set of relations. All these systems have a certain value, and are interesting as throwing light on the views of those who invented them. It will be seen, however, that none can lay claim to unique validity. The fundamenta divisionis, though in themselves more or less logical, are quite arbitrarily chosen, generally as being germane to a preconceived philosophical or scientific theory. End of Article: CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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