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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAU-CHA |
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CHALDAEA . The expressions "Chaldaea" and "Chaldaeans" are frequently used in the Old Testament as equivalents for " Babylonia " and " Babylonians." Chaldaea was really the name of a country, used in two senses. It was first applied to the extreme southern district
capital was the city of Bit Yakin, the chief
original
Tigris and Euphrates, which rivers now combine to flow into the Persian Gulf in the waters of the majestic Shalt el `Arab.The name " Chaldaea," however, soon came to have a more extensive application. In the days of the Assyrian king Rammannirari III. (812783 B.c.), the term mat Kaldu covered practically all Babylonia. Furthermore, Merodach-baladan was called by Sargon H. (722705 B.C.) " king of the land of the Chaldaeans " and " king of the land of Bit Yakin " after the old capital city, but there is no satisfactory evidence that Merodach-baladan had the right to the title " Babylonian." The racial distinction between the Chaldaeans and the Babylonians proper seems to have existed until a much later date, although it is almost certain that the former were originally a Semitic people. That they differed from the Arabs and Aramaeans is also seen from the distinction made by Sennacherib (705681 B.C.) between the Chaldaeans and these races. Later, during the period covering the fall of Assyria and the rise of the Neo-Babylonian empire, the term mat Kaldu was not only applied to all Babylonia, but also embraced the territory of certain foreign nations who were later included by Ezekiel (xxiii. 23) under the expression "Chaldaeans."As already indicated, the Chaldaeans were most probably a Semitic people. It is likely that they first came from Arabia, the supposed original
series of encroachments, partly by warfare and partly by immigration, against the other Semitic Babylonians. These aggressions after many centuries ended in the Chaldaean supremacy of Nabopolassar and his successors (c. 626 ff.), although there is no positive proof that Nabopolassar waspurely Chaldaean in blood. The sudden rise of the later Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar, the son of Nabopolassar, must have tended to produce so thorough an amalgamation of the Chaldaeans and Babylonians, who had theretofore been considered as two kindred branches of the same original Semite stock, that in the course of time no perceptible differences existed between them. A similar amalgamation, although in this case of two peoples originally racially distinct, has taken place in modern times between the Manchu Tatars and the Chinese. It is quite evident, for example, from the Semitic character of the Chaldaean king-names, that the language of these Chaldaeans differed in no way from the ordinary Semitic Babylonian idiom which was practically identical with that of Assyria. Consequently, the term "Chaldaean " came quite naturally to be used in later days as synonymous with " Babylonian." When subsequently the Babylonian language went out of use and Aramaic took its place, the latter tongue was wrongly termed " Chaldee " by Jerome, because it was the only language known to him used in Babylonia. This error was followed until a very recent
The derivation of the name " Chaldaean " is extremely uncertain. Peter Jensen has conjectured with slight probability that the Chaldaeans were Semitized Sumerians, i.e. a non-Semitic tribe which by contact with Semitic influences had lost its original character. There seems to be little or no evidence to support such a view. Friedrich Delitzsch derived the name " Chaldaean " = Kasdim from the non-Semitic Kassites who held the supremacy over practically all Babylonia during an extended period (c. 17831200 B.C.). This theory seems also to be extremely improbable. It is much more likely that the name " Chaldaean " is connected with the Semitic stem kasddu (conquer), in which case Kaldi-Kagdi, with the well-known interchange of 1 and s, would mean " conquerors." It is also possible that Kaddu-Kaldu is connected with the proper name Chesed, who is represented as having been the nephew of Abraham (Gen. xxii. 22). There is no connexion whatever between the Black Sea peoples called " Chaldaeans " by Xenophon (Anab. vii. 25) and the Chaldaeans of Babylonia. In Daniel, the term " Chaldaeans" is very commonly employed with the meaning " astrologers, astronomers," which sense also appears in the classical authors, notably in Herodotus, Strabo and Diodorus. In Daniel i. 4, by the expression " tongue of the Chaldaeans," the writer evidently meant the language in which the celebrated Babylonian works on astrology and divination were composed. It is now known that the literary idiom of the Babylonian wise men was the non-Semitic Sumerian; but it is not probable that the late
The word " Chaldaean" is used in Daniel in two senses. It is applied as elsewhere in the Old Testament as a race-name to the Babylonians (Dan. iii. 8, v. 30, ix. 1); but the expression is used oftener, either as a name for some special
special
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