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Encyclopedia Britannica



CENTUMVIRI (centum, hundred; vir, man)

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 684 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAU-CHA
CENTUMVIRI (centum, hundred; vir, man) , an ancient court of civil
jurisdiction
  at Rome, probably instituted by Servius Tullius.' Its antiquity is attested by the symbol and
formula
  used in its procedure, the lance (hasta) as the sign of true owner-ship, the oath or wager (sacramentum), the ancient
formula
  for recovery of property or assertion of liberty. It is probably alluded to in Livy's account of the Valerio-Horatian
laws
  of 449 B.C. (Livy iii. 55, Consules . . . fecerunt sanciendo ut qui tribunis plebis, aedilibus, judicibus, decemviris nocuisset, ejus ca put Joel sacrum esset). If the judices here mentioned are the centumviri, it is clear that they formed a tribunal which represented the interests of the plebs. This is in accordance with Cicero's account (de Orat. i. 38. 173) of the sphere of their
jurisdiction
 . He says this was mainly concerned with the property of which account was taken at the census; it was therefore in
' Mommsen (Staatsrecht, P. 275, n. 4, 231, n. 1, 590 f.) believed that the Centumviri were instituted about 15o B. c.
their power to make or unmake a citizen. They also decided questions concerning debt. Hence the plebs had an
interest
  in securing their decisions against undue influence. They were never regarded as magistrates, but merely as judices, and as such would be appointed for a fixed term of service by the
magistrate
 , probably by the praetor urbanus. But in Cicero's time they were elected by the Comitia Tributa. They then numbered 105. Their
original
  number is uncertain. It was probably increased by
Augustus
  and in Pliny's time had reached 180. The office was probably open in quite early times to both
patricians
 
    See Also:
and plebeians. The term is also applied in the
inscriptions
  of Veil to the municipal senates and Cures, which numbered too members.


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