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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAU-CHA |
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CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds) , a term used to denote a periodical enumeration restricted; in modern times; to population, and occasionally to industries
assessment .later into an electoral record .It was in Rome, however, that the system from which the, name of the inquiry is derived was first established upon a regular footing. The original
imposition itself, in which it has survived in the contracted form of cess. Unfortunately the statistics of population thus collected were subordinated to the fiscal interests of the inquiry, and no record has been handed down relating to the population of the city and its neighbourhood. In the time of Augustus
The foundations of the census on the modern system were laid in Europe towards the middle or end of the 17th century: Sweden led the way, by making compulsory the parish record of births, deaths and marriages, kept by the clergy, and extending it to include the whole of the domiciled population of the parish. In France, Colbert, in 167o, ordered the extension to the rural communes of the system which had for many years been in force in Paris of registering and periodically publishing the domestic occurrences of the locality. Five years before this, however, a periodical enumeration by families and individuals had Wen established in the colony of New France, and was continued in Quebec from 1665 till 1754. This, therefore, may be considered to be the earliest of modern censuses. ".Efforts have been almost unceasingly made since 1872 by statistical experts in periodical conference to bring about a general understanding, first, as to the subjects which may be considered most likely to be ascertained with approximate accuracy at a census, and secondlya point of scarcely less importanceas to the form in which the results of the inquiry should be compiled in order to render comparison possible between the facts recorded in the different areas. In regard to the scope of the inquiry, it is recognized that much is practicable in a country where the agency of trained officials is employed throughout the operation which cannot be expected to be adequately recorded where the responsibility for the correctness of the replies is thrown upon the householder. The standard set up by eminent statisticians, therefore, may be taken to represent an ideal, not likely to be attained anywhere under present conditions, but towards which each successive census may be expected to advance. The subjects to which most importance is attached from the international standpoint are age, sex, civil condition, birthplace, illiteracy and certain infirmities. Occupation, too, should be included, but the record of so detailed a subject is usually considered to be better obtained by a special
tribute to those who have long laboured in the cause of efficient enumeration.End of Article: CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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