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Encyclopedia Britannica



CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 596 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAU-CHA
CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky) , in architecture, the upper covering of a church,
hall
  or room. Ceilings are now usually formed of plaster, but in former times they were commonly either boarded (of which St Albans cathedral is perhaps the earliest example), or showed the beams and joists, which in England were moulded and carved, and in France and Italy were richly painted and gilded. Sometimes the ceilings were
horizontal
 , sometimes canted on two sides, and sometimes they take the form of a barrel-vault. Ribs are sometimes planted on the boarding to divide up the surface, and their intersections are enriched with bosses. About the middle of the 16th century the ceilings were formed in plaster with projecting ribs, interlaced ornament and pendants, and the characteristics of the Elizabethan style. At Bramall
Hall
 , Broughton Castle, Hatfield, Knowle, Sizergh and Levens in Westmorland, and Dorfold in Cheshire, are numerous examples, some with pendants. In Italy, at the same period, the plaster ceilings were based on the forms taken by vaulting; they were of infinite variety and were richly decorated with sunk panels containing the Roman conventional foliage. Raphael, about 1520, reproduced in the Vatican some of the stucco-duro ornament which he had studied in the Golden
House
  of Nero, excavated under his directions. Later, about the middle of the 16th century,
great
  coves were formed round the room, which were decorated with cartouches and figures in relief, garlands and swags. The
great
  halls of the Ducal Palace at Venice and the galleries of the Pitti Palace at Florence were ceiled in this way. These coved ceilings were introduced into England in the middle of the 17th century. In Holyrood Palace at Edinburgh there is a fine ceiling of 1671, with figures (probably executed by Italian craftsmen) and floral wreaths.
CELEBES
At Coleshill, Berkshire, a ceiling by Inigo Jones (165o) shows a type which became more or less universal for a century, viz. deeply sunk panels with modillions round, and bands enriched with foliage, fruit, &c., in bold relief. Wren, Nicholas Hawks-moor, James Gibbs, John Webb and other architects continued on the same lines, and in 176o Robert
Adam
  introduced his type of ceiling, sometimes
horizontal
 , and sometimes segmental, in which panels are suggested only, with slight projecting lines and rings of leaves, swags and
arabesque
 
work
 , which, like Raphael's, was found on the ceilings of the Roman tombs and baths in Rome and Pompeii. George Richardson followed with similar
work
 , and Sir W. Chambers, in the rooms originally occupied by the Royal
Academy
  and the learned societies in Somerset
House
 , designed many admirable ceilings. The moulds of all the ornamental devices of Robert
Adam
  are preserved and are still utilized for many modern ceilings. (R. P. S.)


End of Article: CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)


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