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Encyclopedia Britannica



CARNUNTUM (Kapvous in Ptolemy)

This article appears in Volume V05, Page 378 of the Encyclopedia Britannica.

Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAR-CAU
CARNUNTUM (Kapvous in Ptolemy) , an important Roman fortress, originally belonging to Noricum, but after the 1stcentury A.D. to Pannonia. It was a Celtic town, the name, which is nearly always found with K on monuments, being derived from Kai', Karn ("
rock
 ," "
cairn
  "). Its extensive ruins may still be seen near Hainburg, between
Deutsch
 -Altenburg and Petronell, in lower Austria. Its name first occurs in history during the reign of
Augustus
  (A.D. 6), when Tiberius made it his base of operations in the campaigns against Maroboduus (Marbod). A few years later it became the centre of the Roman fortifications along the Danube from Vindobona (Vienna) to Brigetio (O-Szony), and (under Trajan or Hadrian) the permanent quarters of the XIV legion. It was also a very old mart for the amber brought to Italy from the north. It was created a municipium by Hadrian (Aelium
Carnuntum
 ). Marcus Aurelius resided there for three years (172-175) during the war against the Marcomanni, and wrote
part
  of his Meditations. Septimius Severus, at the time
governor
  of Pannonia, was proclaimed emperor there by the soldiers (193): In the 4th century it was destroyed by the Germans, and, although partly restored by Valentinian I., it never regained its former importance, and Vindobona became the
chief
  military centre. It was finally destroyed by the Hungarians in the middle ages.
A
special
  society (Carnuntumverein) exists for the exploration of the numerous ruins, the results of which will be found in J. W. Kubitschek 'and S. Frankfurter, Fuhrer durch
Carnuntum
  (3rd ed., 189) ; see also E. von Sacken, " Die romische Stadt Carnuntum," in Sitzungsberichte der k. Akad. der Wissenschaften, ix. (Vienna, 1852) ; article by Kubitschek in Pauly-Wissowa's Realencyclopadie,
iii.
part
  ii. (1899) ; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, in., part i. P. 550


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