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Encyclopedia Britannica - Main :: CAR-CAU |
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CARLSBAD DECREES (Karlsbader Beschlusse) , the name usually given to a series of resolutions (Beschliisse) passed by a conference of the ministers and envoys of the more important German states, held at Carlsbad from the 6th to the 31st of August 1819. The occasion of the meeting was the desire of Prince Metternich to take advantage of the consternation caused by recent
Weimar
special
Friedrich
The business to be discussed, as announced in Metternich's opening address, was twofold: (I) Matters of urger importance necessitating immediate action; (2) Questions affecting the fundamental constitution of the German Confederation, demanding more careful and prolonged discussion. To the first class belonged (a) the urgent necessity for a uniform system of press regulation in Germany; (b) the most urgent measures
measures
These questions were debated in twenty-three formal conferences. On the issues raised by the first class there was practical
On the questions raised under the second class there was more fundamental difference of opinion , and by far the greater part of the time of the conference was occupied in discussing the burning question of the due interpretation of article XIII. The controversy raged round the distinction between " assemblies of estates," as laid down in the article, and " representative assemblies," such as had been already established in several German states. Gentz, in an elaborate memorandum (Nebenbeilage zum siebenten Protokoll, iv. p. 102), laid down that representation by estates was the only system compatible with the conservative principle, as the " outcome of a well-ordered civil society, in which the relations and rights of the several estates are due to the peculiar position of the classes and corporations on which they are based, which have been from time to time modified by law without detracting from the essentials of the sovereign power "; whereas representative assemblies are based on " the sovereignty of the people." In answer to this, Count Wintzingerode, on behalf of the king of Wurttemberg, placed on record (Nebenbeilage 2 zum neunten Protokoll, p. 147) a protest, in which he urged that to insist on the system of estates would be to stereotype caste distinctions foreign to the whole spirit of the age, would alienate public opinion from the governments, and if enforced by the central powerwould violate the sovereign independence of those states which, like Wurttemberg, had already established representative constitutions.Though the majority of the ministers present favoured the Austrian interpretation of article XIII. as elaborated by Gentz, they were as little prepared as the representative of Wurttemberg to agree to any hasty measures for strengthening the federal government at the expense of the jealously guarded prerogatives of the minor sovereignties. The result was that the constitutional questions falling under the second class were reserved for further discussion at a general conference of German ministers to be summoned at Vienna later in the year. The348 effective Carlsbad resolutions, subsequently issued as laws by the federal diet, were therefore only those dealing with the curbing of the " revolutionary " agitation. For the results of their operation see GERMANY: History. The acts, piotocols and resolutions of the conference of Carlsbad are given in M. de Martens's Nouveau Recueil general de traites, &c., t. 4, pp. 8-166 (Gottingen, 1846). An interesting criticism of the Carlsbad Decrees is appended (p. 166), addressed by Baron Hans von Gagern, Luxemburg representative in the federal diet, to Baron von PRssen, Mecklenburg plenipotentiary at the conference of Carlsbad. (W. A. P.) End of Article: CARLSBAD DECREES (Karlsbader Beschlusse) If you wish, you can link directly to this article.
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